Process Modeling, Simulation, and Environmental Applications in Chemical Engineering

Bharat A. Bhanvase, Rajendra P. Ugwekar, Bharat A. Bhanvase, Rajendra P. Ugwekar

• Publisher: Apple Academic Press
• Year: 2016
• Print ISBN: 9781774636046
• eBook ISBN: 9781315342221
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Industrial & Technical Chemistry

In this valuable volume, new and original research on various topics on chemical engineering and technology is presented on modeling and simulation, material synthesis, wastewater treatment, analytical techniques, and microreactors. The research presented here can be applied to technology in food, paper and pulp, polymers, petrochemicals, surface coatings, oil technology aspects, among other uses.

The book is divided into five sections:

• modeling and simulation
• environmental applications
• materials and applications
• processes and applications
• analytical methods

Topics include:

• modeling and simulation of chemical processes
• process integration and intensification
• separation processes
• advances in unit operations and processes
• chemical reaction engineering
• fuel and energy
• advanced materials
• CFD and transport processes
• wastewater treatment

The valuable research presented here will be of interest to researchers, scientists, industry practitioners, as well as upper-level students.

PART I
MODELING AND SIMULATION

CHAPTER 1

DISCHARGE AND PRESSURE LOSS COEFFICIENT ANALYSIS OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE METER USING CFD

A. TAMRAKAR and S. A. YADAV

Chemical Engineering Department, MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi (D), Pune–412105, Maharashtra, India

CONTENTS

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Theory

1.2.1 Discharge Coefficient

1.2.2 Pressure Loss Coefficient

1.3 Numerical Methodology

1.3.1 Geometry and Grid Details

1.3.2 Material Properties

1.3.3 Boundary Conditions

1.3.4 Solver Details

1.4 Results and Discussion

1.4.1 Discharge Coefficient

1.4.1.1 Variation of C_d with Pipe Diameter

1.4.1.2 Variation of C_d with Material Properties

1.4.1.3 Variation of C_d with β

1.4.2 Pressure Loss Coefficient

1.4.2.1 Variation of K_or with Pipe Diameter

1.4.2.2 Variation of K_or with Material Properties

1.4.2.3 Variation of K_or with β

1.5 Conclusion

Keywords

References

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Adequate knowledge and information of flow rates of various process streams plays a very important role in any chemical process industry, specifically when flow rate directly affects the purity of product and plant efficiency. Orifice meters are the most common type of meters used for flow measurement by various industries. Even though these meters have large pressure drop/losses and hence correspondingly large pumping cost, they are very simple in construction with no moving parts and are easy to install and replace. They are less costly compare to other devices and can be used for wide range of fluid flow rates. They can be used for flow measurement of gases, liquids, and slurries and can be operated at extreme operating conditions.

Orifice meter works on the Bernoulli’s principle, which states the relationship between the pressure of the fluid and the fluid velocity. It can be used for measurement of either volumetric or mass flow rate of fluids. A large amount of literature and experimental work has been carried out for characterization of orifice meter over a wide range of beta ratio and Reynolds number [1, 2, 3, 4 and 5]. A standard orifice plate is one of a variety of obstruction-type flow meters that is used extensively to measure the flow rate of fluid in a pipe; it consist of a thin plate placed inside the pipe. Plate has a hole in it mostly at the center. Orifices are also used for many engineering applications as restriction plates to reduce pressure or restrict flow, in air conditioning and water pipe system, hydraulic systems, etc. Even though studies in orifice plates have been done, gaps in the data still exist.

Except for rare cases, most of the literature and research work data has been focused on the discharge and pressure loss coefficient analysis for Newtonian fluid. However, studies in the field of non-Newtonian fluids have not been extensive, despite their importance in the field of polymer processing, flow of petroleum products, biomedical engineering, biochemical engineering, food processing, and mineral processing plants, where the liquid involved shows non-Newtonian character. In such applications, the flow remains laminar even at large flow rates [2, 3 and 4].

1.2 THEORY

Orifice plate is a thin differential pressure-producing device, which is usually placed inside a pipe for flow rate measurement. As fluid passes through the orifice, there is a slight pressure build up on the upstream side but as fluid passes through the hole, fluid pressure decreases and velocity increases. Following parameters decides the characteristics of the flow flowing through orifice [3]:

1. Reynolds number;
2. Edge geometry of the orifice;
3. Ratio of orifice bore diameter to pipe diameter (β ratio);
4. Ratio between orifice plate thickness to bore diameter.

1.2.1 DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT

Variation in Reynolds number affects the discharge coefficient for all flow measuring devices (which works on the principle of differential pressure generation), because of which...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• List of Contributors
• List of Abbreviations
• List of Symbols
• Preface
• About the Editors
• Introduction
• PART I: MODELING AND SIMULATION
• PART II: ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS
• PART III: MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS
• PART IV: PROCESSES AND APPLICATIONS
• PART V: ANALYTICAL METHODS
• Index