More Food: Road to Survival
Roberto Pilu, Giuseppe Gavazzi
- English
- ePUB (mobile friendly)
- Available on iOS & Android
More Food: Road to Survival
Roberto Pilu, Giuseppe Gavazzi
About This Book
More Food: Road to Survival is a comprehensive analysis of agricultural improvements which can be achieved through scientific methods. This reference book gives information about strategies for increasing plant productivity, comparisons of agricultural models, the role of epigenetic events on crop production, yield enhancing physiological events (photosynthesis, germination, seedling emergence, seed properties, etc.), tools enabling efficient exploration of genetic variability, domestication of new species, the detection or induction of drought resistance and apomixes and plant breeding enhancement (through molecularly assisted breeding, genetic engineering, genome editing and next generation sequencing).
The book concludes with a case study for the improvement of small grain cereals. Readers will gain an understanding of the biotechnological tools and concepts central to sustainable agriculture
More Food: Road to Survival is, therefore, an ideal reference for agriculture students and researchers as well as professionals involved sustainability studies.
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Genetic Strategies to Improve Resistance to Biotic Stresses in Plants
Stefano Sangiorgio1, Mario Motto2, *
Abstract
* Corresponding author Mario Motto: Fondazione Istituto Tecnico Superiore per le nuove Tecnologie della Vita, Bergamo, Italy; Tel: +39 0350789106; Fax: +39 0350789107; E-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Pests and pathogens | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fungi and bacteria | Viruses | Animal pests | Weeds | Total | |
Loss potential(%)a | 14.9 | 3.1 | 17.6 | 31.8 | 67.4 |
Actual losses (%)a | 9.9 | 2.7 | 10.1 | 9.4 | 32.0 |
Efficacy(%)b | 33.8 | 12.9 | 42.4 | 70.6 | 52.5 |
PLANT PATHOGENS
- Several pathogens are specialized to growth on a specific plant species and cannot strike and produce disease in other plants. Others can devastate numerous, frequently unrelated, plant species. To exploit a distinct species as nutriment, a pathogen must be competent to defeat the species defense systems. Nearly all plant species are resistant to the majority of pathogens.
- Pathogens can enter into plants through several routes, such as direct penetra-tion via intact surfaces, entry via natural opening (e.g. stomata), or via oppor-tunist entry represented by existing wounds or cracks on the plant surface.
- After the pathogens have entered into the plant, three major colonization tactics are used by these organisms to take advantage of the host plant as a nutritional substrate for their growth and development. Essentially, either these organisms parasitize the vital plant to pick up nourishments (biotrophic lifestyle) or they destroy the plant tissues that are infected and use up nutrients from the non-longer alive tissues (necrotrophic lifestyle). Hemibiotrophs embrace both lifestyles, shifting from a biotrophic stage at the starting of the infection to a necrotrophic lifestyle as pathogenesis advances.
- Pathogenesis describes the series of phases concerning host and pathogen interaction (e.g. infection, colonization and plant pathogen reproduction) to the progress of the whole syndrome.
- Recent evidence indicates that fungal pathogen employed sex pheromone receptors for perceiving chemotropically host plant signals in an intricate environment medium like the soil [6].
- A pathogen race that induces disease is named virulent. Its favorable outcome may depend from different elements that include: i) very quick and elevated rate of reproduction throughout the central growing season for plants; ii) high performance dispersal system and long-standing survival ability; (iii) great effectiveness to induce genetic variability during haploid phase and successive sexual reproduction.
- Pathogens give raise to a variety of symptoms on infected plants. These symptoms are, from time to time, peculiar for a specific pathogen, permitting it to be detected by visible symptoms, although distinct pathogens can generate analogous effects. Symptoms of the diseases caused by the pathogens on plants result from various factors such as: disruption of respiratio...