![]()
Notes and references
Chapter One
1 Brian, interviewed by Suellen Murray, 21 January 2011. Some of the quotations that head each chapter are drawn from participants in previous research I have conducted with adult care-leavers, with their consent; others are derived from interviews with care-leaver advocates gained through my research for this book, also with their consent; others are from published sources.
2 See, for example, Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse (CICA), Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse Report (Ryan Report), Government of Ireland, Dublin, 2009; Senate Community Affairs References Committee (SCARC), Forgotten Australians: A Report on Australians who Experienced Institutional or Out-of-Home Care as Children, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, 2004.
3 For a summary of the long-term adverse effects of child abuse, see Alan Carr, Barbara Dooley, Mark Fitzpatrick, Edel Flanagan, Roisin Flanagan-Howard, Kevin Tierney, Megan White, Margaret Daly and Jonathan Egan, āAdult adjustment of survivors of institutional abuse in Irelandā, Child Abuse and Neglect, vol 34, no 7, 2010, pp 477ā89, 478.
4 Another way in which these questions could be asked is: āIn what ways have the human rights of people who grew up in care as children been violated, what have been the long-term impacts, and what can be done about this?ā To date, such a human rights framework has not typically been used in relation to adult care-leavers by governments, the exception is Scotland; see Scottish Human Rights Commission (SHRC), A Human Rights Framework for the Design and Implementation of the Proposed āAcknowledgement and Accountability Forumā and Other Remedies for Historic Child Abuse in Scotland, SHRC, Edinburgh, 2010; Andrew Kendrick, Moyra Hawthorn, Samina Karim and Julie Shaw, āScotland: abuse in care and human rightsā, in Johanna Skƶld and Shurlee Swain (eds), Apologies and the Legacies of Abuse of Children in āCareā, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2015; see also Chapter Three of this book.
5 Other relevant social policy responses are the investigation of allegations of abuse and the criminal prosecution of offenders. While acknowledging that such processes can be part of a public inquiry (or otherwise) and that they can hold great significance to adult care-leavers, they are beyond the scope of this book.
6 Law Commission of Canada, Restoring Dignity: Responding to Child Abuse in Canadian Institutions, Minister of Public Works and Government Services, Ottawa, 2000. There have been criticisms of this report, one being that it does not pay due attention to ensuring āfairness to alleged abusersā through attention to due process, or acknowledging this limitation of redress programmes; Margaret Hall, āBook review: Law Commission of Canada, Restoring Dignity: Responding to Child Abuse in Canadian Institutionsā, International Journal of Childrenās Rights, vol 10, no 3, pp 295ā302, 298. For more discussion, see Chapters Three and Five.
7 Law Commission of Canada, Restoring Dignity, p 2.
8 Law Commission of Canada, Restoring Dignity, p 2.
9 Lesley Laing, Cathy Humphreys and Kate Cavanagh, Social Work and Domestic Violence: Developing Critical and Reflective Practice, Sage, London, 2013, p 9; see also Cathy Humphreys and Margaret Kertesz, āāPutting the heart back into the recordā: personal records to support young people in careā, Adoption and Fostering, vol 36, no 1, pp 27ā39, 31.
10 Laing, Humphreys and Cavanagh, Social Work and Domestic Violence, p 10.
11 Laing, Humphreys and Cavanagh, Social Work and Domestic Violence, p 9.
12 What is known as ācareā in Australia is more likely to be called āchildcareā (or, more recently, the care of ālooked-after childrenā) in the UK. I have chosen not to use the term āchildcareā because in Australia, āchildcareā more commonly means the āday careā of young children, but not in a residential setting. I do not include adoption in my discussion, although some adult care-leavers were adopted either before or after their time in care.
13 Stephen Winter, Transitional Justice in Established Democracies: A Political Theory, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2014, p 185.
14 Johanna Skƶld, āHistorical abuse ā a contemporary issue: compiling inquiries into abuse and neglect of children in out-of-home care worldwideā, Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention, vol 14, sup 1, 2013, pp 5ā23, 13.
15 SCARC, Forgotten Australians, p xv.
16 Fred Powell and Margaret Scanlon, Dark Secrets of Childhood: Media Power, Child Abuse and Public Scandals, Policy Press, Bristol, 2015, p 128.
17...
