Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia

Michael Leifer

• Publisher: Routledge
• Year: 2013
• eBook ISBN: 9781135129453
• Edition: 3
• Topic: Politics & International Relations
• Subtopic: Comparative Politics
• Index: Politics & International Relations

Comprehensively revised and thoroughly updated to take full account of the many changes in South-east Asia Contains overy thirty new entries Includes biographical entries on the principal political personalities, past and present Fully cross-referenced and indexed

S

Sabah United Party (Malaysia/Sabah)

The Sabah United Party (Parti Bersatu Sabah -PBS) was the ruling party in the Malaysian state of Sabah in northern Borneo from April 1985 until March 1994. It was established in February 1985 as the result of defections from the ruling Berjaya (Sabah People’s Union) because of resentment on the part of ethnic Kadazans and Chinese at the pro-Muslim policies of the chief minister, Datuk Harris Mohamad Salleh. In state assembly elections in April, it won twenty-five out of forty-eight seats and after overcoming an artificial constitutional impediment, its leader, Datuk Joséph Pairin Kitingan, was sworn in as chief minister. In time, it was accepted as a member of the ruling federal coalition, Barisan Nasional (National Front), and in July 1990 was returned to office despite apparent federal support for the opposition United Sabah National Organization (USNO). In mid-October 1990, just five days before elections to the federal legislature, PBS defected from Barisan Nasional to join the opposition coalition. Barisan Nasional, which retained office, expelled the PBS and sought to undermine its position in Sabah by establishing a branch of the politically dominant UMNO (United Malays National Organization) in the state as well as bringing a charge of corruption against the chief minister. This initiative appeared to backfire in April 1993, when leading members of the opposition USNO defected to join the PBS. Datuk Kitingan called state elections for February 1994, shortly before being found guilty of awarding a shop-house project to a company in which his brothers-in-law had an interest. However, he received a fine below the amount that would have disqualified him from contesting the elections. In the event, PBS was returned to power with a narrow majority. It secured twenty-five seats in the state legislature of forty-eight, with the remaining places being held by UMNO and three linked minor parties. Its parliamentary position was then undermined by a series of defections, including that of the chief minister’s brother, Jeffrey Kitingan, which led to a loss of its majority four weeks after the result of the elections. Datuk Kitingan then resigned as chief minister in favour of Sakaran Dandai, the head of the Sabah division of UMNO. The key to the failure of PBS was the refusal of the federal government to encourage the economic development of Sabah as long as it remained in office. With the resignation of Datuk Kitingan, his party began to splinter into three factions which made their own accommodations with the National Front government in the interest of sharing power and its spoils. It demonstrated its resilience in federal elections in April 1995 by holding eight seats compared to fourteen in 1990. In elections in November 1999, its federal strength was reduced to three seats, while in state elections won by the Barisan Nasional in the previous March, it secured seventeen out of forty-eights seat. In April 2000, however, six of its members in the state legislature defected to the ruling coalition.

see also: Barisan Nasional; Berjaya; Harris Mohamad Salleh, Datuk; Kitingan, Datuk Joséph Pairin; UMNO; United Sabah National Organization.

Saloth Sar (Cambodia) see Pol Pot.

Samphan, Khieu (Cambodia) see Khieu Samphan.

Samrin, Heng (Cambodia) see Heng Samrin.

San Yu, General (Burma/Myanmar)

General San Yu served as the faithful acolyte of Ne Win for over forty years. After Ne Win stood down as president of Burma in 1981, San Yu assumed the office until retiring from political life in 1988, when political turbulence caused the ruling military establishment to set up a new form of government. San Yu was born in Prome in 1919 and was studying medicine in Rangoon at the outbreak of the Pacific War. He became an officer in the Japanese-sponsored Burma Defence Army and continued with a military career after the end of hostilities, with some training in the United States. He rose rapidly in the military hierarchy and was a member of the Revolutionary Council under Ne Win which seized power in 1962; San Yu became general secretary of the Central Organizing Committee of the ruling Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) in 1964. He subsequently held the positions of deputy prime minister and also of minister of defence and was at one time seen as a likely successor to Ne Win but his political role has been that of loyal servant without great personal ambition. He died on 28 January 1996 aged 76.

see also: Burma Socialist Programme Party; Ne Win.

Sangkum Reastre Niyum (Cambodia)

Sangkum Reastre Niyum, which translates as Popular Socialist Community, was a mass political organization established by Prince Norodom Sihanouk in March 1955 on his abdication from the throne. Through this organization, Prince Sihanouk commanded the heights of Cambodian politics for fifteen years until he was deposed in March 1970. The Sangkum served as a means through which he could encompass and also domesticate all shades of political opinion. It was employed initially to contest the general elections held in September 1955. An overwhelming victory was secured with 83 per cent of the vote, which delivered all seats in the National Assembly. The Sangkum functioned very much as a political stage for Prince Sihanouk, who called periodic national congresses held in the open at which he could humiliate his ministers and national assembly-men in front of an urban mass for whom the occasion provided considerable entertainment. The heyday of the Sangkum and its national congresses was in the late 1950s and early 1960s. However, as Prince Sihanouk’s political grip became less sure, in part because of external factors, the spectacle of the national congress lost its initial attraction. By the time Prince Sihanouk was overthrown in 1970, the Sangkum had long ceased to serve its initial political function.

see also: Sihanouk, Norodom.

Sann, Son (Cambodia) see Son Sann.

Santi Asoke (Thailand)

Santi Asoke is the name of a Buddhist sect; it means peace and no sorrow. It was set up by a former television producer, Phra Bodhirak, ostensibly in an attempt to purge Thai Buddhism of superstition and impurities. Its members uphold an ascetic existence with a vegetarian diet and began by wearing brown robes instead of the traditional saffron. In the manner of Roman Catholic liberation theology, its leaders have asserted a right to be involved in politics to improve the condition of the people. In 1979 General Chamlong Srimuang, who went on to become governor of Bangkok, identified himself with the sect, whose members subsequently campaigned on behalf of his Palang Dharma (Moral Force party). In 1989 the monks of Santi Asoke were excommunicated by the Buddhist hierarchy, which led to General Chamlong distancing himself from the sect.

see also: Buddhism; Chamlong Srimuang; Palang Dharma.

Santri (Indonesia)

Santri is an Indonesian term deriving from pesantran, which is the name for a village religious school. It has come to be employed, primarily in Java, to distinguish Indonesian Muslims of a strict orthodoxy from the Abangan whose Islam is a synthesis comprising in part animist and Hindu-Buddish beliefs with a mystical content. Since independence, Santri have been identified with political parties such as Masyumi and the Nahdatul Ulama and since the merger of all Islamic parties in 1973 with the United Development Party (Partai Persatuan Pembangunan). The term is a convenient category for foreign scholars rather than a precise basis for common identity on the part of devout Muslims. It began to lose its discrete quality when former President Suharto sought to mobilize urban Islamic elements in his own political interest during the 1990s. With his downfall and a mushrooming of Islamic-based parties, Islamic identity has served as more of a vehicle for Pribumi interests than as an indication of intra-religious divisions.

see also: Abangan; Islam; Masyumi; Nahdatul Ulama; Pribumi; Suharto; United Development Party.

Sarawak National Party (SNAP) (Malaysia/Sarawak)

The Sarawak National Party (SNAP) is a junior member of the original Barisan Tiga (Front of Three); a tripartite coalition, which was formed in 1976 with Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu and the Sarawak United People’s Party (SUPP) and which has continuously constituted the government in the north Bornean Malaysian state, joined additionally in coalition in 1994 by the breakaway Parti Bangsa Dyak Sarawak. SNAP is also part of the federal ruling coalition, the Barisan Nasional (National Front). The party was established in March 1961 during a period of political ferment when the proposal to incorporate the British colony of Sarawak into a Federation of Malaysia was a matter of some controversy. It drew its support primarily from the Iban–Dyak community and was led by Stephen Ningkan, a former hospital assistant with Shell in Brunei, who became the first chief minister after entry into Malaysia in September 1963. His espousal of states rights and resistance to the model of Malay-Muslim dominance established in peninsular Malaysia led to his inspired removal from office in 1966. SNAP moved into opposition but in time accommodated to the political supremacy of the minority Malay–Melanau Moslem communities. Iban– Dyak alienation at such accommodation led to defection and the breakaway Parti Bangsa Dyak Sarawak being established in 1983. The split within the Iban–Dyak community has ensured that SNAP remains a junior party in the coalition government, which was last returned to state office in September 1996. In federal elections in November 1999, SNAP held four seats, which was the same number secured in April 1995.

see also: Barisan Nasional; Barisan Tiga; Parti Bangsa Dyak Sarawak; Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu; Sarawak United People’s Party.

Sarawak United People’s Party (SUPP) (Malaysia/Sarawak)

The Sarawak United People’s Party (SUPP) is a junior member of the original Barisan Tiga (Front of Three), a tripartite coalition formed in 1976 with Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu and the Sarawak National Party (SNAP) and which has continuously constituted the government in the north Bornean Malaysian state, joined in 1994 by Parti Banga Dyak Sarawak. SUPP is also part of the federal ruling coalition, the Barisan Nasional (National Front). The Sarawak United People’s Party was set in June 1959 in anticipation of municipal elections in Kuching and well before the proposal that the British colony be incorporated into a Federation of Malaysia had been mooted. Its founders were ethnic-Chinese businessmen who espoused a non-communal socialist agenda but support for the party was along ethnic lines. Moreover, an active Communist component within the local Chinese community used SUPP as a vehicle for an abortive opposition to Sarawak’s entry into Malaysia. During the 1960s, it formed part of the state opposition. But from the early 1970s, its leadership began practical collaboration with both state and federal governments, with SUPP becoming a founding member of the Barisan Nasional and then a member of the state ruling coalition. It still attracts Chinese support but on the basis of economic advantage through membership of the governing state coalition, which was last returned to office in September 1996. In federal elections in November 1999, SUPP improved its parliamentary strength to eight seats from six secured in April 1995. Its founder, Ong Kui Hui, died in April 2000.

see also: Barisan Nasional; Barisan Tiga; Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu; Sarawak National Party.

Sarit Thanarat, Field Marshal (Thailand)

Sarit Thanarat was prime minister of Thailand from January 1959 until his death on 9 December 1963. He was a strong and forceful personality with an evident will to govern that commanded popular respect. During the period of political stability which he enforced as effective military dictator, the foundations were laid for Thailand’s subsequent economic growth. In addition, the national standing of the monarchy was enhanced as a direct consequence of its employment by the regime to uphold its political legitimacy. Sarit Thanarat was born in the north-east of the country in 1908 and entered the Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy in Bangkok in the late 1920s. He was a junior officer at the time of the coup against the absolute monarchy in 1932. He rose steadily as an officer and was a colonel in command of an infantry battalion in Bangkok in 1947 at the time of the first coup after the Pacific War through which the military re-established its political dominance. By 1949 he had risen to the rank of lieutenant-general with the key command of the First Army, charged with the defence of Bangkok, as part of an uneasy triumvirate with Field Marshal Phibul Songkram and the chief of police, General Phao Siyanond. Sarit and General Phao were direct rivals but when Sarit became commander-in-chief of the army in 1954, he was able to consolidate his power. He intervened to establish his dominance in September 1957 after a turbulent period of electoral politics fostered by the prime minister, Phibul. His deputy, General Thanom Kittikachorn, assumed the office of prime minister while Sarit went to the United States to receive medical treatment. Rumbling financial and political crises were not overcome until his return in October 1958 to launch a bloodless coup, after which he promulgated a new interim authoritarian constitution. Sarit assumed the office of prime minister in January 1959, drawing political inspiration from the recently established rule of Charles de Gaulle in France. In foreign policy, Thailand was sustained in its alliance relationship with the United States. After Sarit’s death, a scandal arose over the number of wives he had taken as well as the considerable wealth that he had accumulated.

see also: Bhumibol Adulyadej; Phibul Songkram; Thanom Kittikachorn.

Sary, Ieng (Cambodia) see Ieng Sary.

Sastroamijoyo, Ali (Indonesia)

Ali Sastroamijoyo was prime minister of Indonesia from July 1953 until July 1955 and again from March 1956 until March 1957. He espoused a rhetorical left-wing nationalism and presided over unstable cabinet coalitions during a turbulent parliamenta...

Table of contents

• Cover Page
• Half Title Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• Introduction
• Brunei, Sultanate of
• Burma/Myanmar
• Cambodia, Kingdom of
• Indonesia, Republic of
• Laos, People’s Democratic Republic of
• Malaysia, Federation of
• Philippines, Republic of
• Singapore, Republic of
• Thailand, Kingdom of
• Vietnam, Socialist Republic of
• Abangan(Indonesia)
• ABIM (Malaysia)
• ABRI (Indonesia)
• Abu Sayyaf (Philippines)
• Aceh Independence Movement (Indonesia)
• AFTA (Association of South-East Asian Nations Free Trade Area) 1993– (Brunei/Burma(Myanmar)/Cambodia/Indonesia/Laos/Malaysia/Philippines/Singapore/Thailand/Vietnam)
• Al-Arqam (Malaysia)
• Alatas, Ali (Indonesia)
• Alex Boncayao Brigade (Philippines)
• Aliran (Malaysia)
• All-Malaya Council of Joint Action (Malaya)
• Alliance Party (Malaya/Malaysia)
• Alwi Shihab (Indonesia) see Shihab, Alwi.
• Anand Panyarachun (Thailand)
• Ananda Mahidol, King (Thailand)
• Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia (Malaysia) see ABIM.
• Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (Malaysia)
• Anglo-Malayan/Malaysian Defence Agreement 1957–71 (Malaya/Malaysia/Singapore)
• Anh, Le Duc (Vietnam) see Le Duc Anh.
• Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom League (AFPFL) (Burma/Myanmar)
• Anwar Ibrahim (Malaysia)
• ANZAM (Malaya)
• APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) 1989–(Brunei/Indonesia/Malaysia/Philippines/Singapore/Thailand/Vietnam)
• Aquino, Benigno (Philippines)
• Aquino, Corazón (Philippines)
• Archipelago Declaration 1957 (Indonesia)
• ARF (Brunei/Burma(Myanmar)/Cambodia/Indonesia/Laos/Malaysia/Philippines/Singapore/Thailand/Vietnam) see ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) 1994–.
• ASA (Association of South-East Asia) 1961–7 (Malaya/Malaysia/Philippines/Thailand)
• ASEAN (Association of South-East Asian Nations) 1967– (Brunei/Burma(Myanmar)/Cambodia/Indonesia/Malaysia/Laos/Philippines/Singapore/Thailand/Vietnam)
• ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) 1994– (Brunei/Burma(Myanmar)/Cambodia/Indonesia/Laos/Malaysia/Philippines/Singapore/Thailand/Vietnam)
• Asia–Europe Meeting (ASEM) 1996– (Brunei/Indonesia/Malaysia/Philippines/Singapore/Thailand/Vietnam)
• Asian–African Conference, Bandung 1955 (Indonesia)
• Asri, Datuk Mohamad Muda (Malaya/Malaysia)
• Association of Indonesian Muslim Intellectuals (Indonesia) see ICMI.
• August Revolution 1945 (Vietnam)
• Aung San (Burma/Myanmar)
• Aung San Suu Kyi (Burma/Myanmar)
• Azahari, A. M. (Brunei)
• Badawi, Abdullah Ahmad (Malaysia)
• BAKORSTANAS (Indonesia)
• Bali Summit (ASEAN) 1976 (Indonesia/Malaysia/Philippines/Singapore/Thailand)
• Baling Talks 1955 (Malaya)
• Ban Me Thuot Offensive 1975 (Vietnam)
• Bandung Conference 1955 see Asian-African Conference, Bandung 1955.
• Bangkok Declaration (ASEAN) 1967 (Indonesia/Malaysia/Philippines/Singapore/Thailand)
• Bangkok Summit (ASEAN) 1995 (Brunei/Burma (Myanmar)/Cambodia/Indonesia/Laos/Malaysia/Philippines/Singapore/Thailand/Vietnam)
• Banharn Silpa-archa (Thailand)
• Bank Bumiputera Crisis (Malaysia)
• Bao Dai, Emperor (Vietnam)
• Barisan Alternatif (Malaysia)
• Barisan Nasional (Malaysia)
• Barisan Sosialis (Singapore)
• Barisan Tiga (Malaysia/Sarawak)
• Bayan (Philippines)
• Berjasa (Malaysia)
• Berjaya (Malaysia/Sabah)
• Bhumibol Adulyadej, King (Thailand)
• Boat People (Vietnam)
• Bolkiah, Prince Mohamed (Brunei)
• Bolkiah, Sultan Hassanal (Brunei)
• Brevié Line (Cambodia/Vietnam)
• Brunei Revolt 1962 (Brunei)
• Buddhism (Burma (Myanmar)/Cambodia/Laos/Thailand/Vietnam)
• Buddhist Liberal Democratic Party (Cambodia)
• Bumiputera (Malaysia)
• Burhanuddin Al-Helmy (Malaya/Malaysia)
• Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) (Burma/Myanmar)
• Burmese Way to Socialism (Burma/Myanmar)
• Buy British Last Policy (Malaysia)
• Cam, Nguyen Manh (Vietnam) see Nguyen Manh Cam.
• Cam Ranh Bay (Vietnam)
• Cambodian People’s Party (CPP) (Cambodia)
• Cao Dai (Vietnam)
• Cham (Cambodia/Vietnam)
• Chamlong Srimuang, General (Thailand)
• Chang Shee-fu (Burma/Myanmar) see Khun Sa.
• Chart Pattana Party (Thailand)
• Chart Thai Party (Thailand)
• Chatichai Choonhavan, General (Thailand)
• Chavalit Yongchaiyuth, General (Thailand)
• Chea Sim (Cambodia)
• Chin (Burma/Myanmar)
• Chin Peng (Malaya/Malaysia)
• Chinh, Truong (Vietnam) see Truong Chinh.
• Christmas Bombing 1972 (Vietnam)
• Chuan Leekpai (Thailand)
• Clark Air Base (Philippines)
• (Central Limit Order Book) CLOB (Malaysia/Singapore)
• Cobbold Commission 1962 (Malaya/Malaysia)
• Cobra Gold Military Exercises (Thailand)
• Collective Security in Asia: Soviet Proposal 1969
• Commonwealth Strategic Reserve (Malaya/Malaysia)
• Communism in South-East Asia
• Confrontation (Indonesia/Malaysia)
• Constitutional Crises (Malaysia)
• Contemplacion, Flor: Hanging 1995 (Philippines/Singapore)
• Corregidor Affair 1968 (Philippines/Malaysia)
• Crocodile Hole (Lubang Buaya) (Indonesia)
• Daim Zainuddin, Tun (Malaysia)
• Dakwah (Malaysia)
• Darul Arqam (Malaysia) see Al-Arqam.
• Darul Islam (Indonesia)
• Declaration of ASEAN Concord 1976 (Indonesia/Malaysia/Philippines/Singapore/Thailand)
• Declaration on the South China Sea (ASEAN) 1992 (Brunei/Indonesia/Malaysia/Philippines/Singapore/Thailand)
• Democracy Forum (Indonesia) see Forum Demokrasi.
• Democrat Party (Thailand)
• Democratic Action Party (DAP) (Malaysia)
• Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia)
• Democratic Kampuchea, Coalition Government of (CGDK) 1982–90 (Cambodia)
• Democratic Soldiers (Thailand)
• Demokrasi Terpimpin (Indonesia) see Guided Democracy.
• Dhanabalan, Suppiah (Singapore)
• Diem, Ngo Dinh (Vietnam)
• Dien Bien Phu, Battle of, 1954 (Vietnam)
• Do Muoi (Vietnam)
• Doi Moi (Vietnam)
• Domino Theory (Cambodia/Laos/Vietnam)
• Dong, Pham Van (Vietnam) see Pham Van Dong.
• Duan, Le (Vietnam) see Le Duan.
• Dwi Fungsi (Indonesia)
• East Asian Economic Caucus (Malaysia)
• East Timor (Indonesia) see Timor, East.
• EDSA (Epifanio de los Santos Avenue) (Philippines)
• Elysée Agreement 1949 (Vietnam)
• Emergency 1948–60 (Malaya)
• Enrile, Juan Ponce (Philippines)
• Estrada, Joseph (Philippines)
• Five Power Defence Arrangements 1971– (Malaysia/Singapore)
• Forum Demokrasi (Indonesia)
• Free Papua Movement (Indonesia)
• Fretilin (Indonesia/East Timor)
• Fuad, Tun Mohammad (Donald Stephens) (Malaysia/Sabah)
• FUNCINPEC (Cambodia)
• Geneva Agreements on Indochina 1954 (Cambodia/Laos/Vietnam)
• Geneva Agreements on Laos 1962 (Laos)
• Gerakan Ra’ayat Malaysia (Malaysia)
• Gestapu (Indonesia)
• Ghafar Baba, Tun Abdul (Malaysia)
• Ghazali Shafie, Tan Sri Mohamad (Malaysia)
• Giap, General Vo Nguyen (Vietnam)
• Goh Chok Tong (Singapore)
• Goh Keng Swee (Singapore)
• Golkar (Indonesia)
• Guided Democracy (Indonesia)
• Gulf of Tonkin Incident 1964 (Vietnam) see Tonkin Gulf Incident.
• Gusmao, José ‘Xanana’ (Indonesia/East Timor)
• Habibie, Dr B. J. (Indonesia)
• Hanoi Summit (ASEAN) 1998 (Burma (Myanmar)/Brunei/Cambodia/Indonesia/Laos/Malaysia/Philippines/Singapore/Thailand/Vietnam)
• Harris Mohamad Salleh, Datuk (Malaysia/Sabah)
• Hatta, Mohammad (Indonesia)
• Heng Samrin (Cambodia)
• Hertogh, Maria: Riots 1950 (Singapore)
• Herzog Affair 1986 (Singapore)
• Hmong (Laos)
• Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam)
• Ho Chi Minh Trail (Vietnam)
• Hoa Hao (Vietnam)
• Hor Namhong (Cambodia)
• Horsburgh Lighthouse (Malaysia/Singapore)
• Horta, Jose Manuel Ramos (Indonesia/East Timor)
• Hukbalahap Movement (Philippines)
• Hun Sen (Cambodia)
• Hussein Onn, Tun (Malaysia)
• ICMI (Indonesia)
• Ieng Sary (Cambodia)
• Independence of Malaya Party (IMP) (Malaya)
• Indochina Wars (Cambodia/Laos/Vietnam)
• Indo-Chinese People’s Conference 1970 (Cambodia/Laos/Vietnam)
• Indonesia–Australia Mutual Security Agreement, 1995–99 (Indonesia)
• Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (PDI-P) (Indonesia) see Partai Demokrasi Indonesia.
• International Conference on Cambodia, New York 1981 (Cambodia)
• International Conference on Cambodia, Paris 1989 (Cambodia)
• International Conference on Cambodia, Paris 1991 (Cambodia)
• Irian Jaya (Indonesia)
• Islam (Brunei/Burma (Myanmar)/Cambodia/Indonesia/Malaysia/Philippines/Singapore/Thailand)
• Islamic Youth Movement (Malaysia) see ABIM.
• Jakarta Conference on Cambodia 1970 (Cambodia/Indonesia)
• Jayakumar, Professor S. (Singapore)
• Jeyaretnam, J. B. (Singapore)
• Johor, Strait of (Malaysia/Singapore)
• Kachin (Burma/Myanmar)
• Kampuchea, People’s Republic of (PRK) (Cambodia)
• Kampuchean People’s Revolutionary Party (KPRP) (Cambodia)
• Karen (Burma/Myanmar)
• Kaysone Phomvihan (Laos)
• Ketahanan Nasional (Indonesia) see National Resilience.
• Khamtay Siphandon (Laos)
• Khieu Samphan (Cambodia)
• Khin Nyunt (Burma/Myanmar)
• Khmer People’s National Liberation Front (KPNLF) (Cambodia)
• Khmer Republic (Cambodia)
• Khmer Rouge (Cambodia)
• Khun Sa (Burma/Myanmar)
• Kiet, Vo Van (Vietnam) see Vo Van Kiet.
• Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (Philippines) see New Society Movement.
• Kit Sangkhom (Thailand) see Social Action Party.
• Kitingan, Datuk Joseph Pairin (Malaysia/Sabah)
• Konfrontasi (Indonesia/Malaysia) see Confrontation.
• Kong Le, Captain (Laos)
• KOPKAMTIB (Indonesia)
• Kriangsak Chomanan, General (Thailand)
• Kuala Lumpur Declaration 1971 (Indonesia/Malaysia/Philippines/Singapore/Thailand)
• Kuala Lumpur Summit (ASEAN) 1977 (Indonesia/Malaysia/Philippines/Singapore/Thailand)
• Kuantan Statement 1980 (Indonesia/Malaysia)
• Kukrit Pramoj (Thailand)
• Kwam Wang Mai (Thailand) see New Aspiration Party.
• Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP) (Philippines)
• Lakas-NUCD (Philippines)
• Lam Son 719 (Laos/Vietnam)
• Lanzin (Burma/Myanmar) see Burma Socialist Programme Party.
• Lao Dong (Vietnam)
• Lao Patriotic Front (Laos) see Neo Lao Hak Sat.
• Lao People’s Revolutionary Party (Laos)
• Le Duan (Vietnam)
• Le Duc Anh, General (Vietnam)
• Le Duc Tho (Vietnam)
• Le Kha Phieu, General (Vietnam)
• Lee Hsien Loong (Singapore)
• Lee Kuan Yew (Singapore)
• Liberal Party (Philippines)
• Lim Kit Siang (Malaysia)
• Lim Yew Hock (Malaysia/Singapore)
• Limbang Claim (Brunei/Malaysia)
• Linh, Nguyen Van (Vietnam)
• Loi Tack (Malaya)
• Lon Nol (Cambodia) see Nol, Lon.
• Lubang Buaya (Indonesia) see Crocodile Hole.
• Luong, President Tran Duc (Vietnam)
• Macapagal, Diasdado (Philippines)
• Macapagal-Arroyo, Gloria (Philippines)
• Madiun Revolt 1948 (Indonesia)
• Magsaysay, Ramón (Philippines)
• Mahathir Mohamad, Dr Datuk Sri (Malaysia)
• Malacca Strait (Indonesia/Malaysia/Singapore)
• Malari Affair 1974 (Indonesia)
• Malayan Democratic Union (Malaya/Singapore)
• Malayan Union Proposal 1946 (Malaya)
• Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) (Malaya/Malaysia)
• Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC) (Malaya/Malaysia)
• Malik, Adam (Indonesia)
• Manglapus, Raul (Philippines)
• Manila Agreements 1963 (Indonesia/Malaya/Philippines)
• Manila Pact 1954 (Cambodia/Laos/Philippines/Thailand/Vietnam)
• Manila Summit (ASEAN) 1987 (Brunei/Indonesia/Malaysia/Philippines /Singapore/Thailand)
• Maphilindo (Indonesia/Malaya/Philippines)
• Marcos, Ferdinand (Philippines)
• Marcos, Imelda (Philippines)
• Marhaenism (Indonesia)
• Marshall, David (Singapore)
• Masyumi (Indonesia)
• May 13 Racial Riots 1969 (Malaysia)
• Mayaguez Incident 1975 (Cambodia)
• Megawati Sukarnoputri (Indonesia)
• Mekong River Project (Burma (Myanmar)/Cambodia/Laos/Thailand/Vietnam)
• Melayu Islam Beraja (MIB) (Brunei)
• Memali Incident 1985 (Malaysia)
• Missing in Action (MIA) (Cambodia/Laos/Vietnam)
• Misuari, Nur (Philippines)
• Mochtar Kusumaatmadja, Professor (Indonesia)
• Mok, Ta (Cambodia) see Ta Mok.
• Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) (Philippines)
• Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) (Philippines)
• Muhammadiyah (Indonesia)
• Muoi, Do (Vietnam) see Do Muoi.
• Murdani, General L. B. (Indonesia)
• Murtopo, General Ali (Indonesia)
• Musa Hitam, Tan Sri (Malaysia)
• Muslim Unity Front (Malaysia) see Angkatan Perpaduan Malaysia.
• Mustapha bin Datuk Harun, Tun (Malaysia/Sabah)
• Nacionalista Party (Philippines)
• Nahdatul Ulama (NU) (Indonesia)
• Nair, Devan (Singapore)
• Najib Tun Razak, Datuk Sri Mohamad (Malaysia)
• Nam Thai Party (Thailand)
• Nasakom (Indonesia)
• Nasution, General Abdul Haris (Indonesia)
• National Awakening Party (Indonesia)
• National Democratic Front (NDF) (Philippines)
• National Justice Party (Malaysia)
• National League for Democracy (Burma/Myanmar)
• National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (NLF) (Vietnam)
• National Mandate Party (Indonesia)
• National Resilience (Indonesia)
• National Unity Party (Burma/Myanmar)
• Nawaphon Movement (Thailand)
• Ne Win, General (Burma/Myanmar)
• Neo Lao Hak Sat (Laos)
• New Aspiration Party (Thailand)
• New Economic Policy (Malaysia)
• New Emerging Forces (NEFOS) (Indonesia)
• New Order (Indonesia)
• New People’s Army (Philippines)
• New Society Movement (Philippines)
• Ngo Dinh Diem (Vietnam) see Diem, Ngo Dinh.
• Nguyen Ai Quoc (Vietnam) see Ho Chi Minh.
• Nguyen Co Thach (Vietnam) see Thach, Nguyen Co.
• Nguyen Dy Nien (Vietnam)
• Nguyen Manh Cam (Vietnam)
• Nguyen Tat Thanh (Vietnam) see Ho Chi Minh.
• Nguyen Van Linh (Vietnam) see Linh, Nguyen Van.
• Nguyen Van Thieu (Vietnam) see Thieu, Nguyen Van.
• Nien, Nguyen Dy (Vietnam) see Nguyen Dy Nien.
• Nixon Doctrine 1969 (Vietnam)
• Nol, Lon (Cambodia)
• Norodom Ranariddh (Cambodia) see Ranariddh, Norodom.
• Norodom Sihanouk (Cambodia) see Sihanouk, Norodom.
• Nouhak Phoumsavan (Laos)
• Nu, U (Burma/Myanmar)
• Old Established Forces (OLDEFOS) (Indonesia)
• Ong Boon Hua (Malaya/Malaysia) see Chin Peng.
• Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM) (Indonesia) see Free Papua Movement.
• Overseas Chinese
• Palang Dharma (Thailand)
• Pancasila (Indonesia)
• Papua Freedom Movement (Indonesia) see Free Papua Movement.
• Paracel Islands (Vietnam)
• Paris Peace Agreements 1973 (Vietnam)
• Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (PDI) (Indonesia)
• Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP) (Indonesia) see United Development Party.
• Partai Ra’ayat Brunei (Brunei) see People’s Party.
• Parti Bangsa Dyak Sarawak (Malaysia/Sarawak)
• Parti Bersatu Sabah (Malaysia/Sabah) see Sabah United Party.
• Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (PAS) (Malaysia)
• Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (Malaysia/Sarawak)
• Pathet Lao (Laos)
• Pattani United Liberation Organization (PULO) (Thailand)
• Pedra Branca (Malaysia/Singapore) see Horsburgh Lighthouse.
• Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia (PRRI) (Indonesia) see Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia.
• Pentagon Papers (Vietnam)
• People Power (Philippines)
• People’s Action Party (PAP) (Singapore)
• People’s Consultative Assembly (Indonesia)
• People’s Party (Brunei)
• Permesta (Indonesia)
• Persatuan Aliran Kesesdaran Negara (Malaysia) see Aliran.
• Pertamina Crisis (Indonesia)
• Peta (Indonesia)
• Petition of Fifty (Indonesia)
• Petrus (Indonesia)
• Pham Van Dong (Vietnam)
• Phibul Songkram, Field Marshal (Thailand)
• Phieu, Le Kha, General (Vietnam) see Le Kha Phieu, General.
• Philippines’ Claim to Sabah (Malaysia/Philippines)
• Philippines–US Security Treaty 1951 (Philippines)
• Pol Pot (Cambodia)
• Prachakorn Thai (Thailand)
• Prachathipat (Thailand) see Democrat Party.
• Praphas Charusathien, Field Marshal (Thailand)
• Prasong Soonsiri (Thailand)
• Preah Vihear Temple Dispute (Cambodia/Thailand)
• Prem Tinsulanond, General (Thailand)
• Pribumi (Indonesia)
• Pridi Phanomyong (Thailand)
• Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (PRG) 1969–76 (Vietnam)
• Pulau Batu Puteh (Malaysia/Singapore) see Horsburgh Lighthouse.
• Rahman, Tunku Abdul (Malaya/Malaysia)
• Rajaratnam, Sinnathamby (Singapore)
• RAM (Philippines) see Reform the Armed Forces Movement.
• Ramos, Fidel (Philippines)
• Ranariddh, Prince Norodom (Cambodia)
• Razak, Tun Abdul (Malaysia)
• Razaleigh Hamzah, Tengku (Malaysia)
• Red Gaurs Movement (Thailand)
• Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM) (Philippines)
• Rendel Commission (Singapore)
• Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia 1958–61 (Indonesia)
• Rizal, José (Philippines)
• Rohingyas (Burma/Myanmar)
• Rómulo, Carlos (Philippines)
• Roxas, Manuel A. (Philippines)
• Rukunegara 1970 (Malaysia)
• Sabah United Party (Malaysia/Sabah)
• Saloth Sar (Cambodia) see Pol Pot.
• Samphan, Khieu (Cambodia) see Khieu Samphan.
• Samrin, Heng (Cambodia) see Heng Samrin.
• San Yu, General (Burma/Myanmar)
• Sangkum Reastre Niyum (Cambodia)
• Sann, Son (Cambodia) see Son Sann.
• Santi Asoke (Thailand)
• Santri (Indonesia)
• Sarawak National Party (SNAP) (Malaysia/Sarawak)
• Sarawak United People’s Party (SUPP) (Malaysia/Sarawak)
• Sarit Thanarat, Field Marshal (Thailand)
• Sary, Ieng (Cambodia) see Ieng Sary.
• Sastroamijoyo, Ali (Indonesia)
• Sawito Affair (Indonesia)
• SEATO (South-East Asia Treaty Organization) 1955–77 (Phillipines/Thailand)
• Semangat’46 (Malaysia)
• Sen, Hun (Cambodia) see Hun Sen.
• Sen, Son (Cambodia) see Son Sen.
• Seni Pramoj (Thailand)
• Shan (Burma/Myanmar)
• Shared Values (Singapore)
• Shihab, Alwi (Indonesia)
• Shwe, Than (Burma/Myanmar) see Than Shwe.
• Siazon, Domingo L. (Philippines)
• Siddhi Savetsila (Thailand)
• Sihanouk, King Norodom (Cambodia)
• Sim, Chea (Cambodia) see Chea Sim.
• Sin, Cardinal Jaime (Philippines)
• Singapore Democratic Party (SDP) (Singapore)
• Singapore Strait (Indonesia/Malaysia/Singapore)
• Singapore Summit (ASEAN) 1992 (Brunei/Indonesia/Malaysia/Philippines/Singapore/Thailand)
• Sipadan-Ligitan (Indonesia/Malaysia)
• Sisón, José María (Philippines)
• Social Action Party (Thailand)
• Son Ngoc Thanh (Cambodia)
• Son Sann (Cambodia)
• Son Sen (Cambodia)
• Souphanouvong, Prince (Laos)
• South China Sea (Brunei/Indonesia/Malaysia/Philippines/Vietnam)
• South-East Asia Command 1943–6
• South-East Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (SEANWFZ) 1995 (Brunei/Burma(Myanmar)/Cambodia/Indonesia/Laos/Malaysia/Philippines/Singapore/Thailand/Vietnam)
• Souvanna Phouma, Prince (Laos)
• Spratly Islands (Brunei/Malaysia/Philippines/Vietnam)
• State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) (Burma/Myanmar)
• State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) (Burma/Myanmar)
• Stephens, Donald (Malaysia/Sabah) see Fuad, Tun Mohammad.
• Struggle of the Nationalist Filipino Masses (Philippines)
• Subandrio (Indonesia)
• Subic Bay Naval Base (Philippines)
• Suchinda Krapayoon, General (Thailand)
• Sudarsono, Professor Juwono (Indonesia)
• Suharto, President (Indonesia)
• Sukarno, President (Indonesia)
• Sukarnoputri, Megawati (Indonesia) see Megawati Sukarnoputri.
• Sunda Strait (Indonesia)
• Supersemar (Indonesia)
• Supreme National Council (Cambodia)
• Surabaya, Battle of, 1945 (Indonesia)
• Surin Pitsuwan (Thailand)
• Sutan Syahrir (Indonesia) see Syahrir, Sutan.
• Syahrir, Sutan (Indonesia)
• Ta Mok (Cambodia)
• Taib Mahmud, Datuk Patinggi Abdul (Malaysia/Sarawak)
• Tan, Tony (Singapore)
• Tanjung Priok Riot 1984 (Indonesia)
• Tet Offensive 1968 (Vietnam)
• Thach, Nguyen Co (Vietnam)
• Thai Rak Thai Party (Thailand)
• Thaksin Shinawatra (Thailand)
• Thammasat University Massacre 1976 (Thailand)
• Than Shwe (Burma/Myanmar)
• Thanat Khoman (Thailand)
• Thanh, Son Ngoc (Cambodia) see Son Ngoc Thanh.
• Thanin Kraivichian (Thailand)
• Thanom Kittikachorn, Field Marshal (Thailand)
• Thieu, Nguyen Van (Vietnam)
• Tho, Le Duc (Vietnam) see Le Duc Tho.
• Timor, East (Indonesia/East Timor)
• Timor Gap Cooperation Treaty 1989 (Indonesia)
• Tonkin Gulf Incident 1964 (Vietnam)
• Tran Duc Luong, President (Vietnam) see Luong, President Tran Duc.
• Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (ASEAN) 1976 (Brunei/Burma (Myanmar)/Cambodia/Indonesia/Laos/ Malaysia/Philippines/Singapore/ Thailand/Vietnam)
• Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation 1977 (Laos/Vietnam)
• Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation 1978 (Vietnam)
• Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation 1979 (Cambodia/Vietnam)
• Tripoli Agreement 1976 (Philippines)
• Truong Chinh (Vietnam)
• Tuol Sleng (Cambodia)
• UMNO (United Malays National Organization) (Malaya/Malaysia)
• United Development Party (Indonesia)
• United Nations: Cambodia 1991–3 (Cambodia)
• United Nations: East Timor 1999–
• United Nations: Irian Jaya 1962–9 (Indonesia)
• United Nations: Northern Borneo 1963 (Indonesia/Malaya/Philippines)
• United Sabah National Organization (USNO) (Malaysia/Sabah)
• UNTAC (United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia) (Cambodia)
• Vajiralongkorn, Prince Maha (Thailand)
• Vang Pao, General (Laos)
• Ver, General Fabian (Philippines)
• Vientiane Agreement on the Restoration of Peace and Reconciliation in Laos 1973 (Laos)
• Viet Cong (Vietnam)
• Viet Minh (Vietnam)
• Vietnam War (Cambodia/Laos/Vietnam)
• Vietnamization (Vietnam)
• Vo Nguyen Giap, General (Vietnam) see Giap, Vo Nguyen.
• Vo Van Kiet (Vietnam)
• Wahid, Abdurrahman (Indonesia)
• Win Aung (Burma/Myanmar)
• Workers Party (Singapore)
• Workshop on Managing Potential Conflicts in the South China Sea 1990– (Indonesia)
• Yakub, Tun Abdul Rahman (Malaysia/Sarawak)
• Yang di-Pertuan Agong (Malaysia)
• Young Turks (Thailand)
• ZOPFAN (Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality) 1971 (Indonesia/Malaysia/Philippines/Singapore/Thailand)
• Further Reading
• Index by Country