Romantic Ecology (Routledge Revivals)
Wordsworth and the Environmental Tradition
Jonathan Bate
- 144 pages
- English
- ePUB (mobile friendly)
- Available on iOS & Android
Romantic Ecology (Routledge Revivals)
Wordsworth and the Environmental Tradition
Jonathan Bate
About This Book
First published in 1991, Romantic Ecology reassesses the poetry of William Wordsworth in the context of the abiding pastoral tradition in English Literature. Jonathan Bate explores the politics of poetry and argues that contrary to critics who suggest that the Wordsworth was a reactionary who failed to represent the harsh economic reality of his native Lake District, the poet's politics were fundamentally 'green'. As our first truly ecological poet, Wordsworth articulated a powerful and enduring vision of human integration with nature which exercised a formative influence on later conservation movements and is of immediate relevance to great environmental issues today. Challenging the orthodoxies of new historicist criticism, Jonathan Bate sets a new agenda for the study of Romanticism in the 1990s.
Frequently asked questions
Information
1 A LANGUAGE THAT IS EVER GREEN
traced with milder interestThat secret spirit of humanityWhich, âmid the calm oblivious tendenciesOf nature, âmid her plants, her weeds, and flowers,And silent over growings, still survived.1
The purposes of wisdom ask no more;Be wise and chearful, and no longer readThe forms of things with an unworthy eye.She sleeps in the calm earth, and peace is here.I well remember that those very plumes,Those weeds, and the high spear-grass on that wall,By mist and silent rain-drops silvered oâer,As once I passed did to my heart conveySo still an image of tranquillity,So calm and still, and looked so beautifulAmid the uneasy thoughts which filled my mind,That what we feel of sorrow and despairFrom ruin and from change, and all the griefThe passing shews of being leave behind,Appeared an idle dream that could not liveWhere meditation was. I turned awayAnd walked along my road in happiness.(âThe Ruined Cottageâ, 509â25)
It might be allowable to ask the philosophic wanderer who washes the case of Margaret with so many coats of metaphysical varnish, but ends with finding all unavailing, âPray, amongst your other experiments, did you ever try the effect of a guinea?â Supposing this, however, to be a remedy beyond his fortitude, at least he might have offered a little rational advice, which costs no more than civility. Let us look steadily at the case. The particular calamity under which Margaret groaned was the loss of her husband, who had enlisted â not into the horse marines, too unsettled in their head-quarters, but into our British army⊠. Here it is that we must tax the wandering philosopher with treason to his obvious duty. He found so luxurious a pleasure in contemplating a pathetic phthisis of heart in the abandoned wife, that the one obvious word of counsel in her particular distress, which dotage could not have overlooked, he suppresses. And yet this one word, in the revolution of a week would have brought her effectual relief. Surely the regiment into which her husband had enlisted bore some number: it was the kingâs âdirty half-hundredâ, or the rifle brigade, or some corps known to men and the Horse Guards. Instead, therefore, of suffering poor Margaret to loiter at a gate, looking for answers to her questions from vagrant horsemen ⊠the Wanderer should at once have inquired for the station of that particular detachment which had enlisted him. This must have been in the neighbourhood. Here, he would have obtained all the particulars. That same night he might have written to the War-Office; and in a very few days, an official answer, bearing the indorsement, On H. M.âs Service, would have placed Margaret in communication with her truant. To have overlooked a point of policy so broadly apparent as this, vitiates and nullifies the very basis of the story. Even for a romance it will not do, far less for a philosophic poem, dealing with intense realities.2
In the first place, these poems addressed themselves powerfully to one of the strongest of my pleasurable susceptibilities, the love of rural objects and natural scenery; to which I had been indebted not only for much of the pleasure of my life, but quite recently for relief from one of my longest relapses into depression⊠. But Wordsworth would never have had any great effect on me, if he had merely placed before me beautiful pictures of natural scenery. Scott does this still better than Wordsworth, and a very second-rate landscape does it more effectually than any poet. What made Wordsworthâs poems a medicine for my state of mind, was that they expressed, not mere outward beauty, but states of feeling and of thought coloured by feeling, under the excitement of beauty. They seemed to be the very culture of the feelings, which I was in quest of. In them I seemed to draw from a source of inward joy, of sympathetic and imaginative pleasure, which could be shared in by all human beings ⊠I needed to be made to feel that there was real, permanent happiness in tranquil contemplation. Wordsworth taught me this, not only without turning away from, but with a greatly increased interest in the common feelings and common destiny of human beings⊠. The result was that I gradually, but completely, emerged from my habitual depression, and was never again subject to it.3
Wordsworthâs Nature âupholds and cherishesâ suffering humanity âfirst and last and midst and without endâ. Ecological nature is Wordsworthâs fundamental sign and symbol of his transcendent Nature because the objective natural world â the field of chemistry, physics, biology â contains for human beings, whose immediate lives are lived in social and historical fields, the images of permanence which they need. Like Coleridge, however, Wordsworth translates those ecological forms into theological realities: nature as Nature, the Active Universe and manifest form of the One Life.7
The Opium-Eater wondered that [Clare] should think of comparing Wordsworth and Crabbe together, who had not one thing in common in their writings. Wordsworth sought to hallow and ennoble every subject on which he touched, while Crabbe was anything but a poet. His pretensions to poetry were not nothing, merely, but if they were represented algebraically, the negative sign must be prefixed. All his labours and endeavours were unpoetical. Instead of raising and elevating his subjects, he did all he could to make them flat and commonplace, to disrobe them of the garb in which imagination would clothe them, and to bring them down as low as, or even to deb...