Smart Grid in IoT-Enabled Spaces

The Road to Intelligence in Power

Fadi Al-Turjman

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2020
• eBook ISBN: 9781000193077
• Topic: Computer Science
• Subtopic: Computer Networking
• Index: Computer Science

Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled spaces have made revolutionary advances in the utility grid. Among these advances, intelligent and energy-efficient services are gaining considerable interest. The use of the smart grid is increasing day after day around us and is not only used in saving energy but also in our daily life for intelligent health, traffic, and even farming systems. The grid enabled with IoT features is also expected to communicate with cellular networks smoothly in the next-generation networks (6G and beyond). This will open the door for other interesting research areas.

In this book, we consider the most significant and emergent research topics in this domain, addressing major issues and challenges in IoT-based solutions proposed for the smart grid. The chapters provide insight on comprehensive topics in IoT-based smart grids, combining technical aspects with the most up-to-date theory. It investigates the grid under varying and potential emerging paradigms such as edge/fog computing, in addition to big data aspects considerations in the IoT era. With comprehensive surveys and case studies, this book explores basic and high-level grid aspects in the emerging smart city paradigm, which makes it especially attractive to researchers, academics, and higher-level students. This authored book can be used by computer science undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers and practitioners, city administrators, policymakers, and government regulators.

1 IoT-Enabled Smart Grid

An Overview

Fadi Al-Turjman

Near East University

Mohammad Abujubbeh

Middle East Technical University

Contents

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Overview of Related Surveys

1.3 Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) Technology

1.3.1 Smart Meter Internal Structure

1.3.1.1 Microcontroller

1.3.1.2 Power Supply Unit

1.3.1.3 Energy Measurement Unit

1.3.2 Machine Learning in AMI

1.3.2.1 Supervised Learning Algorithms

1.3.2.2 Unsupervised Learning Algorithms

1.3.2.3 Semi-Supervised Learning Algorithms

1.3.3 Wireless Communication in AMI

1.3.3.1 Local Area Network (LAN)

1.3.3.2 Neighborhood Area Network (NAN) and Wide Area Networks (WAN)

1.3.4 Routing Algorithms

1.3.4.1 Delay

1.3.4.2 Security

1.3.4.3 Coverage

1.3.4.4 Scalability

1.3.4.5 Firmware Updates

1.3.4.6 Lifetime

1.3.4.7 Cost

1.3.4.8 Reliability

1.4 Smart Meters and Power Quality

1.4.1 Assessment Parameters

1.4.2 Techniques Embedded in SM for PQ Analysis

1.4.2.1 Wavelet Transform (WT)

1.4.2.2 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)

1.5 Smart Meters and Power Reliability

1.6 Open Research Issues

1.7 Conclusion

References

1.1 Introduction

Electrical power is one of the essential factors for the development of societies by improving life quality. However, the conditions in power industry are changing as electricity demand and renewable integration are increasing. The stress of increased power demand has produced a burden on the conventional power production resources. With the noticeable decline in conventional power resources’ reserves and the recent attention on environmental issues associated with producing power from fossil fuel-based resources, power utilities and investors are motivated to invest into other sustainable ways of power production in order to meet the demand. For instance, one aim of the European 20/20/20 strategy is to increase the share of renewable energy generation up to 20% by 2020 [1]. Renewable resources are intermittent by nature. The increased penetration of those non-dispatchable energy sources into the existing power grid makes it more challenging for utilities to deliver reliable and good-quality power. Fortunately, with the recent technological advancements, IoT-inspired applications can offer great solutions to the aforementioned challenges by providing two-way communication schemes which can help in transforming conventional power grids into modernized SGs. In fact, the IoT paradigm is an essential segment of the modern SGs, especially in residential and commercial buildings’ applications [2]. The smart cities paradigm is also another demanding project for IoT-enabled SGs [3]. Both of these emerging paradigms imply that there will be a noticeable increase in the usage of sensor networks for providing useful data that enable the efficient control and management of cities [3,4]. The concept of smart cities will not only focus on specific services such as traffic control but will also extend its means to the electric system. In fact, the usage of sensory devices and SMs in SGs ultimately solves most of electrical industry problems [1,5,6]. In this way, the SG will be able to effectively deal with many aspects of power generation, transmission, and distribution issues. In addition, it will provide better options for monitoring the status of power delivered to consumers. SMs provide a powerful way of enhancing power transaction process between the source and the sink in an SG. The functionalities of SMs in SGs vary depending on the application objective such as energy demand saving, feedback to consumers, dynamic pricing, and appliances control depending on demand curves, security enhancement, outage management, supply quality assessment [7,8], and demand response management schemes [9]. Hence, the SG is the ultimate solution to most of the challenges in current power grids. In fact, statistical studies show that the component failures in a power system can cause more than 80% of the electricity outages/cuts in a power distribution grid [10,11]. Hence, the SG will be able to adhere to such challenges, when it is properly planned. Taking the aforementioned remarks into consideration, this study aims to provide a comprehensive review on the role of SMs in SGs with a focus on the PQ and PR monitoring applications by comparing ongoing attempts in literature while considering the different metrics and assessment standards. First, we present an overview of the AMI technology to provide an in-depth understanding of the general structure of an SG that consists of SMs, CTs, and RAs. Based on this comprehensive review, we also outline the open research issues in this field as possible future research directions.

The organization of this chapter is as follows. Section 1.2 reviews the related academic surveys presented in literature and outlines the contributions of this chapter. Section 1.3 discusses the key enabler technologies (SMs, CTs, RAs) for achieving a successful AMI for SGs. Sections 1.4 and 1.5 compare SM-related literature considering different metrics in the domains of PQ and PR, respectively. Sections 1.6 reveals the open research gaps for directing future researches, and the last section concludes the thoughts introduced in this chapter with some possible fu...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Table of Contents
• Preface
• Author
• List of Contributors
• Chapter 1 IoT-Enabled Smart Grid: An Overview
• Chapter 2 Energy Monitoring in IoT-Based Grid
• Chapter 3 Energy Harvesting in IoT-Based Grid
• Chapter 4 Grid Energy Scenario and Storage Systems for the Vehicle-to-Grid Technology: An Overview
• Chapter 5 Data Traffic in IoT-Based Grid
• Chapter 6 Mobile Couriers and the Grid
• Chapter 7 Combination of GIS and SHM in Prognosis and Diagnosis of Bridges in Earthquake-Prone Locations
• Chapter 8 Smart Medium Access in Mobile IoT
• Chapter 9 Smart Parking and the Grid
• Chapter 10 Correctness of an Authentication Scheme for Managing Demand Response in Smart Grid
• Chapter 11 An Overview about the Cyberattacks in Grid and Like Systems
• Chapter 12 Security in Grid and IoT-Enabled Cities
• Index