Festival and Event Tourism Impacts

Dogan Gursoy, Robin Nunkoo, Medet Yolal, Dogan Gursoy, Robin Nunkoo, Medet Yolal

• Publisher: Routledge
• Year: 2020
• eBook ISBN: 9781000180268
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Business
• Subtopic: Environmental Economics
• Index: Business

Festival and Event Tourism Impacts provides a comprehensive review and analysis of the multi-faceted impacts that festival and events have on a host community, whether positive or negative, and offers recommendations for communities for the successful management of this kind of tourism.

Opening chapters define festival and event tourism impact concepts utilized in the field and their evolution throughout the years, followed by an exploration of the current issues facing communities. The second part discusses sustainability and environmental issues that affect destinations and communities as a result of festival and event impacts. Subsequent chapters outline further impacts and finally address cutting-edge event tourism development and impact management strategies and considerations such as innovative management approaches, sustainability, and social responsibility, for example, and identify future trends and issues within a multidisciplinary global perspective. A variety of geographical locations are exemplified throughout as well as a range of diverse event types including the Formula One Grand Prix in Monaco, Pope Francis' visit to Mauritius in 2019, and the 29th Summer Universiade in Taiwan, among many others.

Drawing on the knowledge and expertise of highly regarded academics from around the world, this will be of great interest to all upper-level students and researchers in Tourism, Hospitality, Events, and related fields.

Part I

Review of festivals and events impacts

1 A comprehensive review of the development of event tourism impact studies over the years

Nuray Selma Özdipçiner, Eylin Aktaş and Seher Ceylan

Introduction

Events have started to become important tourism attractions in the recent years due to the tourism potential they create in tourism industry. Among aspects of events that should be reviewed by both academicians and implementers in the context of tourism are their economic, socio-cultural, environmental, spatial and individual impacts.

When literature dealing with the impacts of events is reviewed, these impacts are observed to be concentrated on areas such as economic (physical structuring, event operations and expenditures associated with event participation and secondary economic impacts created by these expenditures such as destination output, added value, employment, etc.), socio-cultural (strengthening social relations, unifying impact, emphasizing cultural values, providing new experiences, providing opportunity of interaction with new cultures, creating opportunity for entertainment and leisure, quality of life, social tolerance, increased cost of living, increased crime rates, physical damages, security problems, moral and social degeneration, etc.) and environmental (improvement of waste fields and technologies, raising environmental awareness, protection of the area thanks to the event, air and noise pollution, loss of energy and natural resources, traffic, etc.).

Although there is a developed literature on tourism impacts of events, we have not encountered any study that analyzes published impact studies and evaluates these with a historical perspective. Only Getz (2010) mentions that there are three discourses emphasized in festival studies in his study dealing with published studies on festivals. These are discourse on the roles, meanings and impacts of festivals in society and culture, discourse on festival tourism and discourse of festival management. In this study, Getz (2010) classifies studies dealing with the impacts of festivals according to impact types (economic, social and cultural, personal, image and place marketing, and environmental impacts). However, the impact studies are not evaluated from a historical perspective in this study, neither are they subjected to a detailed analysis.

In order to contribute in filling this gap in the literature, this section aims to analyze tourism impacts of festivals and events from a historical perspective and to convey the development of impact studies in terms of event type, destination and study approach. In this context, this study classifies studies published in English dealing with tourism impacts of events according to year of publishing, analyzed impact type(s), analyzed event type(s), event country and methodology of the research (approach, data gathering method and sampling), and evaluates these based on three periods consisting of 1985–2000, 2001–2010 and 2011–2019.

Methodology

The aim of this study is to analyze the development of literature on the economic, social, cultural, environmental, spatial and individual impacts of events from a historical perspective. In line with this purpose, we tried to access published studies dealing with event impacts and we used databases and references of the accessible studies. Various databases were scanned for terms such as “event,” “impact,” “effect,” “festival,” “sport event” and “mega event,” and studies dealing with event impacts were set apart. Later, accessed studies were reviewed using a qualitative analysis method with document analysis technique. The criteria (limitations) below were taken into account in determining studies that are included in the review:

• Only published articles were taken into account. Studies such as books, book sections, conference papers, dissertations were excluded.

• Analysis was conducted in the frame of a single event example/type and articles dealing with studies conducted on the impacts of festivals were taken into account. Articles such as collected works or literature analysis were not included in the review.

• Only articles with accessible full texts were taken into account.

At the end of this literature review 207 articles were identified. Identified articles were analyzed in terms of year of publishing, impact type(s) analyzed in the article, event type(s) analyzed in the article, destination (country) of the event analyzed in the article, methodology used in the article (approach, data gathering method, sampling) criteria.

Findings

Of the reviewed 207 articles, ten are studies dealing with persons, organizations and experts related to the event. In addition, one of these (Fourie and Santana-Gallego, 2011) studies the impact of mega events on the tourists’ arrivals. Eleven studies were conducted with a general perspective rather than in the frame of a specific event at a specific destination; and 197 studies analyzed impacts of a specific event at a specific destination.

Distribution of articles by years is taken in five-year periods; however the last period was limited to four years and not being able to access all the publications of 2019 creates an impression of a decrease in numbers. But it is obvious that the numbers of the last period would increase when the five-year period is completed. Table 1.1 shows an increase in the numbers of articles by years.

Table 1.1 Distribution of reviewed articles by years

Year periods	Article numbers
1985–1990	4
1991–1995	9
1996–2000	6
2001–2005	42
2006–2010	56
2011–2015	61
2016–2019	29
Total	207

Nineteen articles in the period of 1985–2000, 98 articles in the period of 2001–2010 and 90 articles in the period of 2011–2019 are seen to be published. In line with this, it is possible to say that impact studies related to events have seen a significant development after 2000. The subject of events and their tourism impacts, which did not attract the attention of researchers in the period of 1985–2000, is observed to gain momentum after 2000 and became one of the important study areas, especially for tourism researchers.

Table 1.2 shows the frequency of analyses of impact types in the articles by years. Some studies deal with one impact type while others analyze two or more impact types. Analyzed impact types were taken into consideration and Table 1.2 was created in this way.

As seen from Table 1.2, the studies dealing with economic impacts weigh more heavily compared to other impact types quantitatively. Especially, the majority of the articles published in the period of 1985–2000 deals with economic impacts. This shows how tourism impacts of events have been assessed over economy at the beginning. Moreover, analyses of economic impacts continued to have a significant place within the analyzed impacts in the following periods. However, social, cultural, environmental and spatial impacts are observed to be analyzed more intensely after 2000, and the number of studies dealing with more than one impact is also observed to increase.

In the period of 1985–2000, analyzed economic impacts included impacts such as tourist spending (e.g. Crompton and Lee, 2000; Long and Perdue, 1990), tax incomes and sponsorships (e.g. Turco, 1995), creation of new business fields (e.g. Mitchell and Wall, 1989), contribution to local economy (Gazel and Schwer, 1997); while analyzed social and cultural impacts included secondary job creation (Mitchell and Wall, 1989), collective identities and diversity (Eder et al., 1995), and women’s studies (Staggenborg et al., 1994).

Table 1.2 Distribution of impact types analyzed in the articles reviewed by years

In the period of 2001–2010, analyzed economic impacts included impacts such as tourist spending (Lee and Crompton, 2003; Saayman and Rossouw, 2010), multiplier effect (Kim et al., 2010), contribution to economic and regional development (e.g. Ahlert, 2006), tax revenues (e.g. Tohmo, 2005), employment (e.g. Tohmo, 2005), tourism mobility, effect of arrivals and accommodation (e.g. Litvin and Fetter, 2006), event budget and spending (e.g. Saayman and Rossouw, 2010), local trade (e.g. O’Sullivan and Jackson, 2002), local businesses (Chalip and Leyns, 2002), sponsorship (Faulkner et al. 2001) and income effect (Daniels et al., 2004).

In the period following 2000, studies dealing with social, cultural, environmental and spatial impacts are observed to increase in numbers. In the period of 2001–2010, studies dealing with social and cultural impacts are observed to emphasize social identity and harmony (e.g. Gursoy et al., 2004), social commitment (e.g. Derrett, 2003), cultural heritage and local culture (e.g. Xiao and Smith, 2004), development in arts (e.g. Quinn, 2006), local participation (e.g. Quinn, 2006), social and cultural change (e.g. Xiao and Smith, 2004), social and cultural capital (e.g. Yuen and Glover, 2005) and social costs such as crowdedness, security, crime rates, pressure on social services (e.g. Kim and Uysal, 2003). Among spatial impacts, studies dealing with destination image and branding (e.g. Yang et al., 2010), space identity (De Bres and Davis, 2001) and urban infrastructure development (Yang et al., 2010) are found. Among studies dealing with environmental impacts, on the other hand, subjects such as pollution measurements (Thakur et al., 2010), ecologic footprint calculation (Collins et al., 2009), traffic (Kim, Gursoy et al., 2006) and environmental pollution (Kim et al., 2006) are analyzed.

In the period of 2011–2019, the studies dealing with economic impact are observed to analyze impacts such as tourist spending (Saayman and Rossouw, 2011), tourist arrivals (Fourie and Santana-Gallego, 2011), multiplier effect (e.g. Saayman and Rossouw, 2011), event budget and spending (e.g. Bracalente et al., 2011), internationalization (e.g. Rivera et al., 2015) and economic costs (e.g. Han et al., 2017). In the studies dealing with social and cultural impacts, impacts such as social commitment (e.g. Attanasi et al., 2013), community image (e.g. Yolal et al., 2016), life standards (e.g. Chen, 2011), social and cultural capital (e.g. Gonzalez and Miralbell, 2011), psychic income (psychic income is a measure of event-related pride/euphoria and social capital is a proxy for social cohesion) (e.g. Gibson et al., 2014) and social costs such as crowdedness, security, crime rates, pressure on social services (Yolal et al., 2015) are analyzed. In the period of 2011–2019, there is a noteworthy increase in studies dealing with environmental impacts. In the studies dealing with environmental impacts, subjects such as air pollution due to events (e.g. Chang et al., 2011), waste (e.g. Rafiee et al., 2018), noise and traffic problems (Balduck et al., 2011), sustainability (e.g. Mair and Laing, 2012), ecologic footprint (e.g. Andersson and Lundberg, 2013) and impacts related to attitudes and behaviors towards environment (e.g. Marks et al., 2016) are observed to be analyzed. Among spatial impacts, studies dealing with destination image and branding (e.g. Cizmic and Causevic, 2017), and infrastructure and superstructure development in the destination (Kaplanidou et al., 2013) are observed. Among the individual impacts of ...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Series Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• List of figures
• List of tables
• Notes on contributors
• PART I: Review of festivals and events impacts
• PART II: Sustainable festival and event management and development
• PART III: Impacts of festivals and events
• PART IV: Event and festival development
• Index