Green Automation for Sustainable Environment

Sherin Zafar, Mohd Abdul Ahad, M. Afshar Alam, Kashish Ara Shakil, Sherin Zafar, Mohd Abdul Ahad, M. Afshar Alam, Kashish Ara Shakil

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2020
• Print ISBN: 9780367551254
• eBook ISBN: 9781000190342
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Computer Science
• Subtopic: Sustainable Development
• Index: Computer Science

This book explores the concepts and role of green computing and its recent developments for making the environment sustainable. It focuses on green automation in disciplines such as computers, nanoscience, information technology, and biochemistry. This book is characterized through descriptions of sustainability, green computing, their relevance to the environment, society, and its applications.

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• Presents how to make the environment sustainable through engineering aspects and green computing

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• Explores concepts and the role of green computing with recent developments

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• Processes green automation linked with various disciplines such as nanoscience, information technology, and biochemistry

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• Explains the concepts of green computing linked with sustainable environment through information technology

This book will be of interest to researchers, libraries, students, and academicians that are interested in the concepts of green computing linked with green automation through information technology and their impacts on the future.

1 Green Computing in Wireless Sensor Networks through Energy-Efficient Techniques for Lifetime Improvement

Amita Yadav

MSIT

Contents

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Taxonomy of Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols

1.2.1 Energy Conservation Techniques

1.3 Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols in WSN

1.4 Hierarchical Routing Protocols

1.4.1 Classical-Based Clustering Protocols

1.4.1.1 Centralized and Distributive Clustering

1.4.2 Meta-Heuristic-Based Clustering Protocols

1.5 Experimental Review of Leach Protocol

1.5.1 Simulation of LEACH

1.5.2 Simulation Results

1.5.3 Analysis of LEACH Protocol

1.6 Summary

References

1.1 Introduction

The technological advancement in wireless communication has led to the development of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). With the exceptional capability of not only sensing but processing, WSNs became popular and very much required for many applications. Sensor nodes are small and are deployed in the monitoring area in large amount to detect events. But they are resource constrained. They are tiny nodes with low-cost processor, limited storage capacity, limited transceiver range and limited battery lifetime. Sensor nodes sense the monitoring area such as forests, fields, underwater areas, cities, human body, etc. and transmit the sensed data to the sink. This transmission may take place via single hop or through multi-hops. In single-hop networks, nodes can directly send data to the sink. But generally, a sensor network field is large and the node transmission range is limited, so the nodes may send data to the sink via intermediate nodes or forwarding nodes, which is called as the multi-hop network [1]. In single hop, sensor nodes deplete their energy due to direct data transmission, whereas in a multi-hop, the forwarding nodes deplete their energy and reduce the network lifetime. The lifetime of sensor nodes mainly depends upon a finite source of energy like battery. Therefore, it is crucial to consider the energy-efficient techniques to increase the life span of the network and consequently their role in green computing.

1.2 Taxonomy of Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols

There are a few common requirements of sensor networks for all types of applications in WSN, which are given as follows [2]:

1. Network lifetime – Nodes are deployed in an unattended environment; therefore, it is required to conserve energy of nodes and prolong the network lifetime. If a network fails due to energy depletion of nodes, communication failure occurs.
2. Network size – Sensor nodes are deployed in a large network area to detect more events. A large coverage area is the interest of most applications.
3. Minimum faults – Data packet may be lost in transmission of data to the sink. Many events may be missed, and monitoring of environment is broken. Data reliability is the major concern of applications.

The sensor nodes are generally deployed in an inaccessible area. These sensor nodes are limited in battery power, and replacement of batteries is not an easy task in remote areas. The major challenge is to keep the network alive. A limited battery power makes it difficult to manage and monitor the network. Therefore, it is required to conserve the node energy in order to increase the network life span.

Various sources of energy dissipation, which we have already discussed in the previous chapter, are idle listening, collisions, over-hearing, over-emitting, etc.

1.2.1 Energy Conservation Techniques

Various ways for conserving energy are discussed in Ref. [3], which are given as follows:

1. Sensor nodes consume equal amount of energy in ready mode as well as in receiving mode; therefore, sleep mode and a wake-up schedule must be set for event sensing to save energy. The idle scheduling time depends on the network traffic.
2. To conserve the energy in WSNs, the sensor network nodes use data fusion. Using data fusion, the amount of data transmitted from sensor nodes to the base station is reduced. Data fusion combines one or more data packets from different sensor nodes to produce a single packet. Also, data must be aggregated to reduce the transmission load. Sensor network is divided into clusters. Member nodes in the cluster send the data to the cluster head (CH), where the data is aggregated and data fusion takes place.
3. In WSN, data processing is much cheaper than data transmission. Data compression performed through various algorithms saves energy.
4. In a clustered network, CHs aggregate the data and transmit it to the base station (BS). The responsibility of a CH node is more as compared to the member nodes in the network. Therefore, CH consumes more energy or dies quickly in a homogeneous network. The communication load must be balanced to increase the lifetime of the network. Load balancing technique equally distributes the traffic load in the network, and a good network performance can be attained. Load balancing of CHs can be achieved through a random rotation of CH. It can also be achieved via appointing advanced nodes as CH in a heterogeneous network as they have more battery power.
5. By lowering the transmission range, the energy can be conserved, but network coverage is still required. Therefore, a mechanism that takes care of transmission range as well as coverage of network is needed. Heterogeneous sensor networks consider the concept of remaining energy and distance [4].

There are different layers which work in their own way to achieve energy efficiency.

1.3 Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols in WSN

WSNs are battery-operated devices. Therefore, an energy-efficient routing protocol is required. According to Ref. [5], routing protocol for WSNs is classified into four categories – network structure, topology-based, communication model and reliable routing as shown in Figure 1.1.

FIGURE 1.1 Routing protocols in WSNs.

The first category is further divided into flat protocol and hierarchal protocols; second category into location-based and mobile agent-based; third category into query-based, coherent- and non-coherent-based, and negotiation-based; and fourth category into multipath-based and QoS-based protocols. Our research focus is on how protocols reduce the energy consumption and increase the network life span. Data sensing, data processing and data communication are the major factors that need to be considered while designing an energy-efficient routing protocol for WSN. However, data transmission and data reception require maximum energy; therefore, the main emphasis is on designing protocols that use less power in communication is given in the survey. Various performance parameters of routing protocols such as energy per packet, energy and reliability, network lifetime, average energy dissipation, low energy consumption, total number of alive nodes, total number of data signal received at BS, average packet delay, packet delivery ratio, time until the first node dies, energy spent per round, idle listening, packet size, and distance have also been discussed. Now, routing protocols in Ref. [7] are further distinguished as follows:

• I. Network structure-based routing protocol – Nodes in the network are either uniformly distributed or randomly distributed. In this category, the nodes are either at similar level or at different levels of hierarchy. It is further classified as follows:
  Flat protocol– In this scheme, all the nodes are of similar type. In trend, these protocols for WSNs can be divided, in step with the routing strategy, into three main distinctive categories: proactive, re-active and hybrid protocols [6]. Most of these protocols fluctuate in lots of methods and do not present the identical traits, even though they were designed for the same network.
  Proactive routing protocol – Like wired network, in proactive protocols (or table-driven routing protocols), each node maintains its routing table to discover the route to the destination based on the intermittent exchange of routing messages between the specific nodes. Every node is required to preserve one or more tables with the help of routing records. In addition, nodes reply to various changes in network topology by wirelessly sending updates and appropriately retaining a regular network view. Consequently, direction to a few destinations, the packet will be forwarded through a predefined path, thereby avoiding time delay in path finding. However, to keep the data intact, heavy bandwidth and battery power is required which is always deficient and re...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Series Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• Preface
• Editors
• Contributors
• Chapter 1 Green Computing in Wireless Sensor Networks through Energy-Efficient Techniques for Lifetime Improvement
• Chapter 2 Challenges and Opportunities with Green and Sustainable Computing in Healthcare
• Chapter 3 Green Computing and Its Related Technologies
• Chapter 4 Wearable Computing and Its Applications: An Approach towards Sustainable Living
• Chapter 5 Role of IoT and Sensors in Achieving Sustainability
• Index