Spanish: An Essential Grammar

Peter T Bradley, Ian Mackenzie

• Publisher: Routledge
• Year: 2004
• eBook ISBN: 9781134448456
• Topic: Filología
• Subtopic: Idiomas

Spanish: An Essential Grammar is a concise and user-friendly reference guide to the most important aspects of Spanish.
It presents a fresh and accessible description of the language that combines traditional and function-based grammar. The book sets out the complexities of Spanish in short, readable sections, and explanations are clear and free from jargon.
The Grammar is the ideal reference source for the learner and user of Spanish. It is suitable for either independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types.
Features include:
* clear distinctions between the essential and basic aspects of Spanish grammar and those that are more complex
* full use of authentic examples
* easy to understand explanations of areas that customarily pose problems for English speakers
* detailed contents list and index for easy access to information.

Chapter 1
The alphabet, pronunciation, stress, spelling and punctuation

1.1 The alphabet

Due to recent changes, the composition of the Spanish alphabet today is more like English and other Romance languages. Because older reference works used a different system of classification, a few words of explanation may be helpful.

Until 1994, ch and ll were considered to be separate letters in the Spanish alphabet. Consequently, in dictionaries and word lists there were separate listings for words beginning with each of them, after c and l respectively. Likewise, this alphabetical order was observed when those letters occurred within words, with the result that cocha would be listed after all other words beginning with coc-, and callada after calzo. In 1994, under international pressure and the impact of computer sorting programs, the Association of Academies of Spanish adopted the internationally accepted standard of alphabetical order, no longer considering ch and ll to be separate letters. However, as a distinctive feature of the language, Spanish still considers ñ to be a separate letter. Dictionaries, therefore, still retain a separate listing for the few words beginning with ñ (after those beginning with n) and this order is preserved when ñ occurs within words (caña being listed after canzonetista).

1.2 Pronunciation

The only sure way of pronouncing Spanish correctly is to listen closely and try to imitate native speakers. However, a list of the Spanish letters together with their usual pronunciation is given in Table 1.1. This is offered as general guidance, drawing attention to instances where native speakers of English commonly make mistakes. Moreover, only the most important differences between Peninsular and Latin American Spanish are highlighted.

Table 1.1 The sounds of Spanish

1.3 Stress and written accents

The correct pronunciation of Spanish depends not only on being able to reproduce the correct sound for each letter, but on applying the correct emphasis to each syllable in individual words. Incorrect stress may mean that listeners have difficulty in understanding your meaning, and in some cases may even change the meaning of words.

1.3.1 Syllables: basic principles

For the purpose of identifying the syllables in Spanish words in order to understand stress and written accents, it is generally sufficient to know the following basic principles:

1. syllables should end in a vowel as far as possible (so that a single consonant between vowels is attached to the vowel or vowels which follow it): ta-ba-co, po-pu-lar.
2. combinations of consonants ending in -l or -r, as well as ch, cannot be split: a-pli-car, re-gre-so, ca-lle, cu-cha-ra.
3. s does not belong to the same syllable as a following consonant: cas-ta- ña, pos-tre.

1.3.2 Stress: general principles

For purposes of identification only, stressed vowels are underlined.

1.3.2.1

When words end in a single vowel or the consonants n or s, the stress normally falls on the next to last syllable:

1.3.2.2

When words end in consonants other than n or s, the stress normally falls on the last syllable:

1.3.2.3

When words are stressed in ways that do not conform to the above rules, the stress is indicated by a written acute accent:

The correct use of the accent in Spanish is important, as a missing accent can completely change the meaning of a word: llego ‘I arrive’, llegó ‘he/she arrived’.

Written acute accents

1 A written acute accent on a syllable always indicates that the stress is located on that syllable.

2 Words which are stressed on syllables other than the last or next to the last will always require a written accent: enérgico, frívolo, válvula, miércoles.

3 Care is required when form...

Table of contents

• Cover Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Preface
• Acknowledgement
• Symbols
• Chapter 1: The Alphabet, Pronunciation, Stress, Spelling and Punctuation
• Chapter 2: Nouns
• Chapter 3: Definite and Indefinite Articles
• Chapter 4: Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
• Chapter 5: Possessive Adjectives
• Chapter 6: Adjectives
• Chapter 7: Adverbs
• Chapter 8: Personal Pronouns
• Chapter 9: Indefinite Adjectives, Pronouns and Adverbs
• Chapter 10: Verb Forms
• Chapter 11: Uses of Tenses
• Chapter 12: The Subjunctive Mood
• Chapter 13: Conditional Clauses
• Chapter 14: Reflexive Verbs
• Chapter 15: Passive Constructions
• Chapter 16: Modal Auxiliary Verbs
• Chapter 17: Infinitive Constructions
• Chapter 18: Uses of the Gerund
• Chapter 19: Commands
• Chapter 20: Ser and Estar
• Chapter 21: Prepositions
• Chapter 22: Por and Para
• Chapter 23: Numerals and Numerical Expressions
• Chapter 24: Negation
• Chapter 25: Relative Clauses
• Chapter 26: Comparative and Superlative Constructions
• Chapter 27: Questions and Exclamations
• Chapter 28: Word Order
• Chapter 29: Word Formation
• Chapter 30: Differences Between Latin American and Peninsular Spanish
• Glossary