Total R & D Management

Strategies and Tactics for 21st Century Healthcare Manufacturers

Roger Dabbah

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 1998
• eBook ISBN: 9781135458164
• Topic: Medicine
• Subtopic: Health Care Delivery

Drawing on a lifetime of experience, Roger Dobbah gives readers an in-depth view of R&D survival strategies and tactics and demonstrates how to apply them to any organization. The author provides insights into the role of R&D, the crucial topic of creativity and innovation, and the differences and similarities between general management and R&D man

1
The Historical Perspective of Research and Development

The healthcare industry is a rather recent development in the industrial world. However, elements of research and development (R&D) in that area used for the treatment of diseases have been flourishing since almost the dawn of ages. The shaman and the medicine man or woman of yesteryear used the strategies of observation and trial and error in their practice of the art of healing with variable results. Folk medicine, which was the result of R&D at its most primitive level, seems, paradoxically in the 1990s, to be exhibiting a resurgence under the name of alternative medicine. In a time when gene and cell therapies appear to be the next frontier, a return to the roots—no pun intended—is a reflection on human nature. Outcomes of therapies are now a part of the picture of healthcare under the guise of pharmacoeconomics; however, in time past, the outcome of therapy, especially when applied to the power structure of the era—ranging from head cave person to kings or queens—was crucial to the medicine person. Often, if the therapy was not successful, the outcome for the healer was death. This motivated the healer to try remedies on the less fortunate, which, as the legend would state, was the beginning of R&D. In the present, malpractice insurance has taken a more genteel, if not more expensive, approach to unexpected outcomes.

There is no doubt that some of the remedies prescribed by the early medicine person were placebic rather than curative. This gave rise later to a new branch of R&D in the arena of psychosomatic treatments. The early R&D practitioners, not knowing about anatomy or physiology and having no clue to the origin and cause of disease, were able through careful observations and through trial and error to develop a body of knowledge that was considerable, relevant, and operational.

The legacy of these early experimenters is that about 40 percent of all prescription drugs in the United States are derived in part from nature. In the early part of the 20th century, most medicines contained herbal products. As the 21st century approaches, the revival of herbal drugs as an alternative to sophisticated medicines confirms the adage “the more it changes, the more it remains the same.”

The history of human creativity and innovation is the result of individuals who provided breakthroughs, or perhaps incremental but innovative solutions, to problems.

In reviewing innovations introduced since 1742, one can get a general idea of the value of R&D and perhaps understand why it is acknowledged around the world that scientists have contributed enormously to the wellbeing of the world.

Innovations related directly or indirectly to healthcare are as follows:

1742	Electrical theory (Franklin)
1780	Bifocal lenses (Franklin)
1785	Diffraction grating (Rithenhouse)
1798	Interchangeable parts concept for mass production (Whitney)
1800	High pressure steam engine (Evans)
1807	Practical steamboat (Fulton)
1809	Papermaking machine (Dickinson)
1823	Nature of human digestive process (Beaumont)
1825	Safety pin (Hunt)
1828	Electromagnet (Henry)
1831	Chloroform (Guthrie)
1835	Plant description and classification (Gray)
1837	Telegraph (Morse)
1839	Vulcanized rubber (Goodyear)
1840	Binaural stethoscope (Camman)
1842	Ether anesthesia (Long)
1846	Public use of anesthesia (Morton)
1847	Sewing machine (Howe)
1851	Ice-making machine (Gorrie)
1853	Condensed milk (Borden)
1855	Rubber dental plate (Goodyear)
1858	Mason jar (Mason)
1866	Transatlantic cable (Field)
1867	Typewriter (Scholes)
1870	Celluloid (Hyatt)
1872	Gasoline engine (Brayton)
1876	Chemical thermodynamics (Gibbs)
1877	Electric welding (Thomson)
1878	Transparent film (Eastman)
1879	Incandescent lamp (Edison)
1882	Electric fan (Wheeler)
1884	Punch card (Hollerith)
1886	Aluminum by electrolytic process (Hall)
1887	Celluloid photo film (Goodwin)
1888	Calcium carbide (Wilson)
1889	Bromine by electrolysis (Dow)
1890	Time recorder (Bundy)
1891	Zipper (Judson)
1892	Acetylene gas (Wilson)
1895	Safety razor (Gillette)
1896	Brain surgery (Cushing)
1898	Photographic paper (Baekeland)
1901	High speed steel alloy (Taylor)
1902	Sutures, transplants, implants (Carrel)
1907	Phenolic plastic (Baekeland)
1908	Fused bifocal lenses (Borsch)
1909	Surface chemistry (Langmuir)
1911	Air conditioning (Carrier)
1912	Vitamins (Funk)
1913	Schick test for diphtheria (Schick)
1913	X-ray tubes (Coolidge)
1913	Vitamin A (McCollum)
1916	Vitamin B (McCollum)
1918	Mass spectroscope (Nicolson)
1922	Vitamin D (McCollum)
1924	Bromine from the sea (Edgar and Kramer)
1928	Iron lung (Drinker)
1932	Positron (Ander...

Table of contents

• COVER PAGE
• TITLE PAGE
• COPYRIGHT PAGE
• PREFACE
• INTRODUCTION
• 1. THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
• 2. OVERVIEW OF R&D AND ITS ROLE IN HEALTHCARE IN INDUSTRY, GOVERNMENT, AND ACADEMIA
• 3. CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION IN R&D
• 4. PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF R&D
• 5. STRATEGIES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF R&D PEOPLE
• 6. STRATEGIES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF R&D RESOURCES
• 7. STRATEGIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE IN R&D
• 8. STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING R&D ENVIRONMENTS
• 9. STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING THE INTERFACE BETWEEN R&D AND THE OVERALL ORGANIZATION
• 10. STRATEGIES FOR R&D MANAGEMENT CONTRIBUTING TO THE SUCCESS OF THE ORGANIZATION
• 11. INTEGRATION OF STRATEGIES FOR R&D
• 12. THE PHARMACOECONOMIC DIMENSION IN THE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF R&D
• 13. REGULATORY ISSUES INVOLVED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF R&D
• 14. THE FUTURE OF R&D AND THE R&D OF THE FUTURE
• 15. THE ETHICAL IMPERATIVE IN HEALTHCARE R&D
• APPENDIX PLANNING FOR PROFITS—THE MISSING LINK: THE R&D CONTRIBUTION
• ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
• BIBLIOGRAPHY BY TOPIC