The unconscious zone

The secret life of your brain

Sven-Olof Olsson

• Publisher: Books on Demand
• Year: 2018
• Print ISBN:
  9789176992203
• eBook ISBN:
  9789177853022
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Medicine
• Subtopic: Medical Theory, Practice & Reference

Much of our everyday environment affects us subconsciously and recent research showing how the brain processes information. The difference between the large amount of sensory input that the brain receives and what little our minds perceive is huge.This book deals with various aspects of "The Unconscious Zone ", which gives an unconscious influence of experiences and non-conscious decision that is often called intuition.In the movie "in the mind of John Malkovich" pressed the main character on the elevator button 7 1/2 and ended up in a completely different world, where he through a hidden door could see into and check John Malkovich's brain. Recent research has shown that magnetic resonance (fMRI) can map the brain's internal functions and create a library that can be interpreted and the person's thoughts can be followed. Using Transcranial Magnetic stimulation (TMS), one with a magnetic field can control the behavior of the different centers of the brain and also get a hand to perform movements or blocking mental functions. A companion piece to this is a journey into the "The Unconscious Zone" as the book conveys.

Chapter 1 Consciousness, human’s
perception and limitations

The universe of neurons

The human brain as well as the deep seas is two of the planet’s remaining non-researched white places, where the science stands before big challenges. Mankind has relatively recently invented tools for being able to identify the physiological-strategic processes in the brain witch humanity earlier only have been able to explore through speculation and assumptions. During the last few decades in the context of the fast computer development have brain researchers got new methods of magnetic imaging (fMRI), EEG, PET, MEG and TMS. These methods have open possibility’s to map out the many different activities in the brain’s neural networks and led to that we started to make out individual thoughts in a person’s brain. The human brain is probably the most complicated structure in the universe with about 100 billion brain cells (neurons) and where each neuron can have up to 10000 nerve connections with other neurons in the gigantic network. The complexity of these networks carrying gigantic amount of connections and in comparison are current supercomputers, far from being able to simulate these complex neural networks.

Researchers have successfully mapped the genetic information in the human genome within an international project for 10 years on the project, HUGO (Human Genome Organization). Recently started a long-lasting project in the United States at UCLA University in Los Angeles where the research under the direction of Professor in Neurology, Arthur Toga on corresponding way should identify the entire brain neural network. This project is called “The human connectome project”. In Europe there is a similar 10-year project entitled “Human Brain Project” (HBP), which focuses on with computer simulation of single neural network gradually try to make simulation of the whole brain networks.

It is said often that we as humans use only about 10 % of our brain power. The truth is probably in the reverse that the majority of the processes in brain, about 90 %, are unconscious, while we are conscious of approximately 10%. The brain can be compared to today’s computers, which now used parallel computing cores that can process data at the same time to increase computational performance. Similarly handles brain stimuli from our minds in different parallel neuron network which gives a tremendous increased data processing and simultaneous capacity.

The book’s title “The Unconscious Zone” would try to give an understanding of all the unconscious processes that are going on in our brain. In the following Chapters describes many of the things that are going on in our brains there we typically are unaware of its impact on our emotions, behaviors and decisions. In this first chapter gives more general properties of the human brain to be described in order to provide background information regarding basic anatomy, physiology and cognitive properties. If the reader wants to immerse themselves in some of these special topics there are given suggestions to literature in the book’s reference list. The heading of this chapter “the universe of neurons” would point to the importance of the neurons various network whose complexity is comparable with our current knowledge of the universe’s unimaginable size.

Despite that we in our conscious mind as a human experiencing the world as a tridimensional continuous experience (analog), there are many limitations in our senses and in the brain’s processing of the incoming stimuli from our surroundings. Our sense of time can for example be affected partly by the emotional content where a certain dull activity can give a perpetual long boring feeling. While the experience of time in childhood, when the most experience is new, due to a summer holiday can be experienced as an eon of time. But in adult age you think that the vacation in the summer just goes too fast. Purely philosophical one can consider what is meant by time and how the causal event processes together in terms of present, future and past (history).

One who pondered deep in these matters is a church father Augustine of Hippo (years 354-430) who in his classic book “Confessions” (book 11, § 17-41, ref. 1.1) in connection with thoughts about how God created the world, gave his views on how we as humans experience time. Augustine notes like Aristotle: that all know what time is, until they will be asked what time is. Augustine’s indicates that time is related to events in the past (past tense), things that is ongoing (present) and things that are expected to be in the future. Already there notes Augustine an obvious thing, if time is defined by things that will happen, persist for a short period of time and then disappear the time as an ultimate consequence is undefinable. When Augustine asks the question of how far the present is: year, months, one day, one hour, one minute or one second, he comes to the conclusion that the present moment is only the transition between future and past and thus do not have a degree, but only the line in between. He notes that the present time not taking any space and has no extent, then each duration would instantly become past and future yet not exist. The past (past tense) are not existing but survives as the pictures in the memory in the present, while the future on the other side gets his existence of predictions based on phenomena that exist in the present.

Despite these contradictions is Augustine’s willing to accept the usual meaning of past, present and future and reason about how to be able to measure the time which passes the moment now. He indicates that it is possible to measure time with inspiration from astronomy to measure time with the movement of heavy bodies like the Sun, where the Sun’s time in a day and a year can define time. When Augustine realizes the undefinable in time concept gives he proposed that it is the soul that would be made up in the eternal present. This issue of time and the experience of the present moment are interesting in the context of how the brain’s perception and consciousness sense our perception of “reality”. Augustine’s exposition on time (present, future and past) is subjective terms that can be linked to the human mental functions like perception (present), anticipation (future) and memory (past).

The nervous system

The brain’s perception of time is shaped by a number of physiological properties of the human body. First a short simplified examination of the human nervous system’s construction. It divides into the central nervous system (CNS, see fig. 1.1) consisting of the large brain (Cerebrum), Cerebellum and spinal cord, which is located in the spine. On the other hand, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) which is made up of all the nerve fibers that run in and out from the brain and spine cord which is associated with, among other things muscles and senses for sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste. The incoming signals from senses goes to the thalamus, which distributes the signals on to the different senses center of the cerebrum (see figure 1.3). Central nervous system takes the sensory signals from the peripheral nervous system and controls, among other things muscles and inner organ with motor output signals to the peripheral nervous system. The brain may through consciousness control e.g. skeletal muscle (somatic nervous system), while many activities in the body is controlled automatically, as for example heart and lungs via the autonomic nervous system.

The autonomic nervous system is in turn divided into the sympathetic nervous system, which acts in situations in which the body needs to be enabled in e.g. threats and the parasympathetic nervous system, which is activated in rest periods with the reconstruction and recovery of the body. Nervous systems are also linked to the endocrine system in the body that, among other things by the hypothalamus controls the different glands in the body via hormones in the blood system

CNS

PNS

Fig. 1.1 Central and peripheral nerve system.

The brain weighs about 1.4 Kg and is made up of the cerebrum, brainstem and cerebellum, but despite the brain›s small size in the body it consumes ca 20% of the body›s total energy. The brain stem is the brain›s primitive part but takes care of many autonomous vital functions such as heart rate, breathing and even all incoming sensory information from the body›s senses (except the smell) that is distributed to various parts of the cerebrum where further processing continues. The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres a left and right hemisphere where a deep longitudinal furrow separating them for and in its bottom is Corpus Callosum that connects the two cerebral hemispheres with an extensive networks. Each hemisphere are divided in frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe and occipital lobe see figure 1.2.

Fig. 1.2 Brain anatomy, lobes

Each of the two cerebral hemispheres have different function than the left part is dominated in language, logic thinking, mathematics and detailed knowledge, while the right hemisphere instead has a better spatial perception, favoring creativity, spontaneity, musicality and gives a more holistic capability. Coordination of impressions in the two cerebral hemispheres is by the Corpus Callosum. The Corpus Callosum is crossed nerve pathways from the brain to the rest of the body where the left hemisphere controls the right half of the body (arms, legs , etc.) while the right hemisphere in the same way checks left body limbs. The majority of people who are right handed, have the left hemisphere as the dominant brain function and some believe that the mind in the first place is emanating from there.

When physician especially during the 1950’s were performing operations on patients with severe epileptic seizures by cutting the nerve connections Corpus Callosum in the brain between the cerebral hemispheres they could remove or reduce the symptoms of patients (“split brain” procedures). As a side effect the patients got problem with the coordination of sensory input in the two brains hemispheres as in some cases could give the patient a sense of conflict between sense signals in the two hemispheres. The American neuro researcher Roger W Sperry (1913-1994) received the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1981 for his discoveries on the brains different features of left and right brain. Sperry had earlier in 1940 and 1950 s researched with animal testing on frogs with their vision nerves and partly on “split brain” surgery on cats and dogs.

Sperry got in the beginning of 1960’s ability to make tests of the cognitive/mental ability of patients who undergone split brain surgery for curing severe epileptic seizures. One of the patients was a man who daily over a ten-year period suffered from severe seizures from injured in the earlier world war. Sperry designed test methods to identify how “split brain” the operation had an impact on the patient’s consciousness and cognitive ability. Tests showed that the patient had a division of consciousness in the left and right hemisphere because that the information channel between the cerebral hemispheres had been cut.

In a first test series carried out early after surgery the patient was given a visual test where the subject had to fix his gaze on a midpoint on a monitor and then was shown various images on the left and right part of the screen for a short time. When the eye nerves partially crossover saw the left brain right and left eyes retinas right field of vision while the right hemisphere saw the right and left eyes retinas left field of vision. It was also in the test that the patient would pick up a similar object behind a screen with his right hand or left hand that had been displayed on the monitor (see Ref. 1.2, 1.3).

The result was that in the eye right field of vision could subject only perceived by the left hand and/or verbally, while in the eye left field of vision could object only be perceived with the right hand but not verbally. If both hands were left free to point out objects was chosen right hand for eye left field of view and the left hand in the eye right field of vision. Similar results had been at the tactile impact with a toothpick on right leg where the right arm could point out the contact point, while the left arm only had random designation. On the opposite side was the reverse to stimuli of the left leg could only single out with his left hand. The patient’s location of tactile stimulation in the face, head and back of the head with both hands worked and could also be expressed verbally, which showed that these neural pathways follow the cranial nerve to this region. Sperry summarized the results as follows:

• Visual information was only available in the hemisphere that each eye right or left field of vision was linked to and only the same body’s arm could point out the right items from the field of view
• Activities involving speech and writing worked only in the left hemisphere.
• Tactile influence followed the same pattern for left and right hemisphere that the visual information above, but tactile stimulation in the head region were intact and this could both sides point out stimuli sites and also provide verbal information.
• The result support earlier theory about the two hemispheres specialization there left hemisphere work better in talk, writing and logic while the right half is for spatial and artistic styles creativity.
• The Corpus Callosum in a normal brain Exchange information so that the necessary coordination of information between left and right hemisphere are available to consciousness.

It is a time delay of approximately 20 mS when stimuli are sent between the cerebral hemispheres through the Corpus Callosum.

The brain’s higher mental functions are localized in the cerebral cortex which is the pleated layer which is surface on the cerebrum and is about 3-5 mm thick and contain very complex neural networks. Surface layer is grey and contains neurons links in different complex networks while matter in inside are white depending on the axon connection outputs from the neurons which is surrounded by myelin coat that has a white color. In addition to the approximately 100 billion neurons in the brain there are 10 times more different types of support cells that are referred to as glial cells. These cells support the second neurons with nutrition, immune system, form myelin coat, etc. The cerebral cortex contains a number of centers for, among other thing sense of touch, movement, language and higher mental functions including association areas for deci...

Table of contents

• Table of Contents
• Introduction
• Chapter 1: Consciousness, human’s perception and limitations
• Chapter 2: Minds limits
• Chapter 3: Can brain be hacked?
• Chapter 4: Body consciousness
• Chapter 5: Intuition
• Chapter 6: Body language
• Chapter 7: Biofeedback
• Chapter 8: Hypnosis
• Chapter 9: Placebo, nocebo
• After writing
• References
• Copyright