Nano Drug Delivery Strategies for the Treatment of Cancers

Awesh K. Yadav, Umesh Gupta, Rajeev Sharma

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2020
• Print ISBN: 9780128197936
• eBook ISBN: 9780128197943
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Biology
• Index: Biological Sciences

Nano Drug Delivery Strategies for the Treatment of Cancers discusses several current and promising approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer by using the most recent developments in nanomedical technologies. The book presents introductory information about the biology of different types of cancer in order to provide the reader with knowledge on their specificities. In addition, it discusses various novel drug delivery systems, detailing their functionalities, expected outcomes and future developments in the field, focusing on brain, mouth and throat, breast, lung, liver, pancreas, stomach, colon, bool, skin and prostate cancers.The book is a valuable source for cancer researchers, oncologists, pharmacologists and nanotechnologists who are interested in novel drug delivery systems and devices for treatment of various types of cancer that take advantage of recent advances in this exciting field.- Discusses a wide range of promising approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer using the latest advancement in cutting-edge nanomedical technologies- Provides foundational information on different types of cancer and their biology to help the reader choose the best nano drug delivery system for patients- Presents novel drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles, microparticles, liposomes, self-assembling Micelles and block copolymer micelles

Chapter 1

Emergence of novel targeting systems and conventional therapies for effective cancer treatment

Laxmikant Gautam¹, Anamika Jain¹, Priya Shrivastava¹, Sonal Vyas² and Suresh P. Vyas¹, ¹1Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, India, ²2Bundelkhand Medical College, Sagar, India

Abstract

As per the World Health Organization report (2018), cancer is one of the deadliest diseases in the world. Approximately, the second highest mortality is caused due to cancer. The uncontrolled growth and metastasis of abnormal cells are known as cancer. Currently, for the interdict of the rapid production of cancer cells, surgery, chemo-, or radiotherapy has a major contribution, but these conventional therapies are associated with various drawbacks such as normal tissue damage, poor aqueous solubility of bioactive(s), lack of selectivity, multidrug resistance, low bioavailability, toxicity, and side effects. For these limitations, numerous polymer or lipid-based novel drug delivery systems, that is, nanoparticles, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, etc., are discussed here, which are site-specific, and deliver the drug in a controlled and targeted manner. This chapter includes different novel drug delivery systems that have shown effective results over conventional therapies.

Keywords

Cancer; surgery; radiotherapy; chemotherapy; novel delivery system

1.1 Introduction

The World Health Organization clearly state in its report of 2018 that cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world, and it is assumed that it would increase exponentially to reach 12 million deaths per year by 2030 (Siegel, Miller, & Jemal, 2019). In developing and developed countries, a major cause of death is cancer due to bad habits (smoking tobacco, etc.) (Saadat et al., 2015). For the treatment of cancer, the therapeutic approaches used include chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Most of the time, combination therapy is applied to get the desired outcome and avoid resistance during cancer therapy. In cancer treatment, extensive heterogeneity in terms of response to drugs and drug resistance of melanomas are major impediments. The overexpression of antiapoptotic proteins and the emanation of anticancer drugs from cancer cells result in chemoresistance (Dry, Yang, & Saez-Rodriguez, 2016; Gandhi, Tekade, & Chougule, 2014; Xu et al., 2016). Although significant attempts have been made by researchers in the development of effective cancer therapies such as radiation, chemotherapy, surgery, immunotherapy, novel targeted approaches, or combinations of these approaches (Jain et al., 2018), the survival rate still remains quite low because the causes of cancer are still unknown. The survival rate and prognosis of cancer patients can be improved by early diagnosis at the early stages of cancer so that timely and effective treatment can be extended (Gautam & Anamikajain, 2019). Hence there is an urgent need for the development of improved alternative diagnostics and therapeutic strategies and interventions. The aim of these analyses of causes is to explore effective therapeutic opportunities to improve and increase the normal life span of cancer patients. Some of the conventional treatment procedures are described here for the treatment of cancer:

• • Primary treatment: By using this treatment cancer cells are removed from the body or destroyed completely. In every type of cancer, overgrowth surgical removal is the most accepted method used in primary treatment. If patients are sensitive to the other types of treatments such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy then surgery remains a good option.
• • Neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatment: The aim of this therapy is to kill those cancer cells that remain after the primary treatment, which can grow as a skipped lesson. Lai et al. worked on cancer in which miRNA was used as an adjuvant to increase the efficacy of small molecular inhibitor oncogenes (Lai, Eberhardt, Schmitz, & Vera, 2019). In clinical practice, in order to make primary treatment accessible, neoadjuvant therapy is given; for example, Lynn et al. report that in HER2-positive early breast cancer, an adjuvant treatment is given, which consisted of pertuzumab in combination with trastuzumab and chemotherapy (Howie et al., 2019).
• • Palliative treatment: Palliative treatments may be given at any stage of cancer treatment, which may help to control or reduce the side effects of cancer treatments, including pain, shortness of breath, and toxicity (de Man et al., 2019).

The critical analysis of these methods suggests that treatment strategies are largely dependent on the stage and type of cancer. The analysis further suggests that some patients need single treatment, while in most cases, a combination of treatments is beneficial in the later stages of cancer as reported in patent no. US10301290B2 (Keilhack, Knutson, & Kuntz, 2019). Thus surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted drug therapy, etc., or a combination of any of these may be used for the treatment of cancer. In the present scenario, novel drug delivery approaches are being invented, targeted at different molecular targets such as the nucleus, mitochondria, cytoplasm, or endoplasmic reticulum for the effective treatment of cancer (Haider, Tiwari, Vyas, & Soni, 2019).

1.2 Conventional therapies for the treatment of cancer

1.2.1 Role of surgery for cancer treatment

Surgery is a medical branch that constitutes one of the treatment methods of cancer and that surgically removes cancer with the help of instruments. Surgery can involve cutting, abrading, suturing, or the management of acute illnesses and injuries as extricated from slowly progressing and chronic diseases.

1.2.1.1 Types of surgery

There are different types of surgery as shown in Fig. 1.1 and described here:

• • Curative surgery: The removal of a tumor from the body is known as curative surgery; radiation may be used before and/or after this surgery. This type of treatment is often considered as a primary form of treatment. Parker et al. reported that through the use of curative surgery in rural Kenya, the survival rate of colorectal cancer patients increased (Parker et al., 2020). In another research work, Liu et al. showed the clinical significance of curative surgery in skin lymph node metastasis in pN₁ gastric cancer patients, which resulted in increased survival times (Liu, Deng, et al., 2019).
• • Preventive surgery: Preventive surgery is used to remove tissue that does not contain cancer cells, but may subsequently develop into a malignant tumor. For example, ipsilateral and contralateral breast cancer...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Dedication
• List of contributors
• Preface
• Chapter 1. Emergence of novel targeting systems and conventional therapies for effective cancer treatment
• Chapter 2. Nanomedicine: future therapy for brain cancers
• Chapter 3. Nano drug delivery strategies for the treatment and diagnosis of oral and throat cancers
• Chapter 4. Nanoparticles and lung cancer
• Chapter 5. Nanoparticles and liver cancer
• Chapter 6. Nanoparticles and pancreas cancer
• Chapter 7. The role of nanoparticles in the treatment of gastric cancer
• Chapter 8. Nanoparticles and colon cancer
• Chapter 9. Treating blood cancer with nanotechnology: A paradigm shift
• Chapter 10. Nanoparticles and skin cancer
• Chapter 11. Nanoparticles and prostate cancer
• Chapter 12. Nanomedicine-based multidrug resistance reversal strategies in cancer therapy
• Index