Lipid Signaling and Metabolism

James M. Ntambi

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2020
• Print ISBN:
  9780128194041
• eBook ISBN:
  9780128194058
• Topic: Biowissenschaften
• Subtopic: Biochemie

Lipid Signaling and Metabolism provides foundational knowledge and methods to examine lipid metabolism and bioactive lipid signaling mediators that regulate a broad spectrum of biological processes and disease states. Here, world-renowned investigators offer a basic examination of general lipid, metabolism, intracellular lipid storage and utilization that is followed by an in-depth discussion of lipid signaling and metabolism across disease areas, including obesity, diabetes, fatty liver disease, inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular disease and mood-related disorders. Throughout, authors demonstrate how expanding our understanding of lipid mediators in metabolism and signaling enables opportunities for novel therapeutics. Emphasis is placed on bioactive lipid metabolism and research that has been impacted by new technologies and their new potential to transform precision medicine. - Provides a clear, up-to-date understanding of lipid signaling and metabolism and the impact of recent technologies critical to advancing new studies - Empowers researchers to examine bioactive lipid signaling and metabolism, supporting translation to clinical care and precision medicine - Discusses the role of lipid signaling and metabolism in obesity, diabetes, fatty liver disease, inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular disease and mood-related disorders, among others

Chapter 1

Homeostatic control of membrane lipid biosynthesis in bacteria

Daniela Albanesi*

Ana Arabolaza*

Hugo Gramajo

Diego de Mendoza Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR) - CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina

Abstract

The synthesis and the homeostatic control of lipid biosynthesis is an essential feature of bacterial physiology and membrane biogenesis. Although the studies of individual phospholipids and their synthesis began in 1920 first in plants and then mammal, it was not until the early 1960 that studies were initiated in bacterial lipid metabolism in Escherichia coli. This fundamental research provided the basis to understand the biochemistry and regulation of bacterial lipid synthesis. Although the lipid biosynthetic pathways are conserved in bacteria there are notably differences in the gene organization, gene regulation, and biochemical control of the enzymes that perform these reactions in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In this chapter, we examine this diversity to provide a timely overview of lipid synthesis and membrane homeostasis in prokaryotes.

Keywords

lipid metabolism

regulation of lipid synthesis

signaling in lipid biosynthesis

membrane homeostasis

bacteria

Outline

1. Introduction
2. General principles of fatty acid biosynthesis
3. Biochemistry of bacterial fatty acid synthesis
   • Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
   • Initiation steps and elongation cycle
4. Biochemistry of phospholipid biosynthesis
   • Phosphatidic acid biosynthesis
   • Acyltransferases
5. Control of lipid biosynthesis in bacteria
   • Biochemical regulation of fatty acid and phospholipid biosynthesis
   • Transcriptional regulation of lipid metabolism
6. Perspectives
7. References

Introduction

The plasma membrane has an essential function in cells as a barrier and a matrix of biological activities. In the case of bacteria, plasma membranes display a large diversity of amphiphilic lipids, including phospholipids and a variety of other membrane lipids, like glycolipids, sphingolipids, ornithine lipids, or hopanoids among others. Different bacterial phyla possess a particular content of membrane lipids possibly associated with their various lifestyles [1,2]. In all organisms the control at the level of fatty acid biosynthesis is crucial for membrane homeostasis, because the biophysical properties of membranes are determined in large part by the composition of the fatty acids that are produced by de novo biosynthesis. Almost all of the metabolic energy that is used to produce membrane lipids is expended in the formation of fatty acids, and therefore their production must be precisely controlled to support membrane biogenesis and prevent the wasteful expenditure of ATP. Although the biophysical properties of membranes can be changed by altering the ratio of the polar head groups in membrane phospholipids, bacteria seem to use biochemical and genetic mechanisms to modify the composition of the fatty acids that they s...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title page
• Contents
• Copyright
• Contributors
• Preface
• Chapter 1: Homeostatic control of membrane lipid biosynthesis in bacteria
• Chapter 2: Lipid trafficking and signaling in plants
• Chapter 3: Sex as a modulator of lipid metabolism and metabolic disease
• Chapter 4: Local interactions in the bone marrow microenvironment and their contributions to systemic metabolic processes
• Chapter 5: Lipids in the transcriptional regulation of adipocyte differentiation and metabolism
• Chapter 6: Lipid receptors and signaling in adipose tissue
• Chapter 7: Adipocyte lipolysis and lipid-derived metabolite signaling
• Chapter 8: Regulation of intracellular lipid storage and utilization
• Chapter 9: The lipid droplet as a signaling node
• Chapter 10: Lipid droplets in the immune response and beyond
• Chapter 11: Fatty acid mediators and the inflammasome
• Chapter 12: Identification and pathophysiological roles of LTB4 receptors BLT1 and BLT2
• Chapter 13: The forkhead box O family in insulin action and lipid metabolism
• Chapter 14: Interplays between nutritional and inflammatory signaling and fat metabolism in pathophysiology of NAFLD
• Chapter 15: Endocannabinoids: the lipid effectors of metabolic regulation in health and disease
• Chapter 16: Gut microbiota interaction in host lipid metabolism
• Chapter 17: Insights into the metabolism of lipids in obesity and diabetes
• Chapter 18: Lipid metabolic features of skeletal muscle in pathological and physiological conditions
• Chapter 19: Sphingolipid mediators of cell signaling and metabolism
• Chapter 20: Role of bile acid receptors in the regulation of cardiovascular diseases
• Chapter 21: Molecular mechanisms underlying effects of n−3 and n−6 fatty acids in cardiovascular diseases
• Chapter 22: Lipid metabolism and signaling in cancer
• Chapter 23: Altered lipid metabolic homeostasis in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease
• Chapter 24: Role of Xenosterols in Health and Disease
• Chapter 25: Adipose tissue development and metabolic regulation
• Index