Bioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Arthritis and Related Inflammatory Diseases

Ronald Ross Watson, Victor R Preedy, Victor R. Preedy

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2019
• eBook ISBN: 9780128138212
• Edition: 2
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Nutrition, Dietics & Bariatrics
• Index: Biological Sciences

Bioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Arthritis and Inflammatory Diseases, Second Edition is a valuable scientific resource that focuses on the latest advances in bioactive food research and the potential benefit of bioactive food choice on arthritis. Written by experts from around the world, the book presents important information that can help improve the health of those at risk for arthritis and related conditions using food selection as its foundation.- Serves as a starting point for in-depth discussions in academic settings- Offers detailed, well-documented reviews outlining the ability of bioactive foods to improve and treat arthritis- Includes updated research on the global epidemic of diabetes- Updated with current research on antioxidant flavonoids, anti-Inflammatory natural foods, ginger and the effects of beef on inflammation- Documents foods that can affect metabolic syndrome and ways the associated information could be used to understand other diseases that share common etiological pathways

Section D

Nutraceuticals and Herbs in Modifications of Arthritis

Chapter 18

Role of Flavonoids in Management of Inflammatory Disorders

Rajesh Shukla⁎; Vikas Pandey⁎; Gautam P. Vadnere^†; Santram Lodhi^{† ⁎} Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ramdas Khalsa Institute of Science and Technology, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
^† Department of Pharmacognosy, Smt. Sharadchandrika Suresh Patil College of Pharmacy, Chopda, Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India

Abstract

Flavonoids are a wide category of polyphenolic compounds that have a major role in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, including arthritis, gastritis, nephritis, hepatitis, ulcerative colitis, Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, and many allergic reactions. This chapter contains information about different flavonoids reported for the management of inflammatory disorders with their possible mechanism. These compounds also regulate the oxidative status and prevent damage caused by oxidative stress such as the antioxidant effect. The high levels of cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6, are allied with chronic inflammatory diseases. Some flavonoids, namely luteolin, quercetin, and apigenin, reduce cytokine expression and their secretion. It suggests that these flavonoids may have a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of inflammation-associated diseases as cytokine modulators. Flavonoids also have wide pharmacological effects by inhibiting some enzymes such as cyclooxygenase, aldose reductase, xanthenes oxidase, Ca^{2 +} ATPase, phosphodiesterase, and lipoxygenase. In conclusion, flavonoids can produce health benefits in a variety of ways. This compilation work could be helpful to update current knowledge about different flavonoids and their effects, even at a molecular level, on inflammation and inflammatory-mediated diseases.

Keywords

Flavonoids; Antiinflammatory; Cytokines; Antioxidant; Oxidative stress

Abbreviations

AMPK adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase

AP-1 activating protein-1

CBG cytosolic β-glucosidase

COMTs catechol-O-methyltransferases

COXs cyclooxygenases

ELAM endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule

ERK extracellular-signal-regulated kinases

GLUT glucose transporter 2

GST glutathione S-transferase

HO-1 heme oxygenase-1

HP-1 human monocytic cells

HUVECs human umbilical vein endothelial cells

IBD inflammatory bowel disease

ICAM intracellular adhesion molecule

IFN-γ interferon-γ

IKKb inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase

IL interleukin

iNOS nitric oxide synthase

JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase

LDL low density lipoproteins

LOX lipoxygenase

LPH lactase phloridzin hydrolase

LPS lipopolysaccharide

MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase

MCP-1 monocyte chemotactic protein-1

MIP-2 macrophage-inflammatory protein-2

MMPs matrix metalloproteinases

NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NF-κB nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells

NLRP3 nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasomes

NO nitric oxide

NOX NADPH oxidase

Nrf2 nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2

PDGF platelet-derived growth factor

PMA phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate

PMACI phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate and calcium ionophore

PPAR peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor

PRDX2 peroxiredoxin-2

RA rheumatoid arthritis

ROS reactive oxygen species

SAPKs stress-activated protein kinases;

SGLT1 sodium dependent glucose transporter

SULTs sulfotransferases

TLR toll-like receptors

TNF tumor necrosis factor

TNFR tumor necrosis factor receptor

TRX thioredoxin

VCAM vascular cell adhesion molecule

VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor

ZnPP zinc protoporphyrin

1 Introduction

Inflammation is the state that results after activation of the immune system due to external attack or injury on the cells or tissues. The patient suffers from inflammation in any part of the body, and it is characterized by varied combinations of symptoms such as redness, tenderness, rash, burning, swelling, long-term soreness, and loss of function. It has been discovered that the onset of inflammation is a self-limiting and controlled process of the immune system.¹ Releasing immune cells into the bloodstream is the integral part of the stages and processes of inflammation to the healing response in the body.

There are two types of inflammation that can occur: acute or chronic. In the case of acute inflammation, the immune system responds in a characteristic manner to infectious organisms or debris caused by injury, resulting in characteristic symptoms such as swelling, redness, pain, and heat. During such an acute inflammatory response, the body increases the level of leukocytes (i.e., granulocytes) in the affected tissue site. This process is followed by different steps that continue to involve the immune system until the injury or infection is back to homeostasis. This process usually takes from a few minutes to a number of hours.

Another type is chronic inflammation in which the degree of inflammation is elevated to weeks or months. Chronic inflammation is most likely due to the presence of foreign pathogens and continued production of inflammatory cytokines, or genetically driven autoimmune disease processes. During chronic inflammation, there is an increase in the biochemical markers of inflammation, such as excessive production of ROS, resulting in a state of oxidative stress and elevation of inflammatory cytokines (i.e., interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-17).²

There are plentiful facts that certain proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α are concerned in the progression of pathological pain. IL-6 participates in an innermost role in the neuronal response to microglial, astrocytic activation, nerve injury, and in regulation of a neuronal neuropeptides phase.³ Another inflammatory cytokine is TNF-α, which acts as an entrenched, key function in a few pain models. Two major cell surface receptors through which TNF acts on several different signaling pathways are TNFR1 and TNFR2 for the regulation of NF-κB activation of inflammation and activation of stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) and apoptotic pathways. TNF-α plays an essential role in performing innate and adaptive immunity, proinflammatory properties, cell proliferation, and inflammatory and neuropathic hyperalgesia.⁴

Most drugs used to ease some inflammation-related indications pr...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Contributors
• Acknowledgments
• Section A: Overview and Background on Diet and Arthritis/Inflammation Modifications
• Section B: Nutrients and Inflammation Modification During Arthritis
• Section C: Foods in Arthritis
• Section D: Nutraceuticals and Herbs in Modifications of Arthritis
• Section E: Plants Extracts and Compounds in Arthritis
• Index