Antibiotic Materials in Healthcare

Kokkarachedu Varaprasad, Vimala Kanikireddy, Rotimi Sadiku, Kokkarachedu Varaprasad, Vimala Kanikireddy, Rotimi Sadiku, Varaprasad Kokkarachedu

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2020
• Print ISBN: 9780128200544
• eBook ISBN: 9780128225363
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Biology
• Index: Biological Sciences

Antibiotic Materials in Healthcare provides significant information on antibiotic related issues, accurate solutions, and recent investigative information for health-related applications. In addition, the book addresses the design and development of antibiotics with advanced (physical, chemical and biological) properties, an analysis of materials, in vivo and in vitro applications, and their biomedical applications for healthcare. - Provides information on all aspects of antibiotic related issues - Offers a balanced synthesis of basic and clinical science for each individual case, presenting clinical courses and detailed microbiological information for each infection - Describes the prevalence and incidence of global issues and current therapeutic approaches

Chapter 1

Antibiotic Nanomaterials

Kokkarachedu Varaprasad, Chandrasekaran Karthikeyan, Vimala KanikiReddy, Dariela Núñez, Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku, and Rodrigo Briones

Abstract

For the last few decades, multidrug-resistant bacteria are one of the major threats to the lives of a human being. This is due to overdosage of antibiotics, low stability of antibiotics, antibiotics poor internalization with bacteria and others. For these reasons, nanomaterials have dramatically expanded the range of tools employed for infection control and hence, improving the health of humans in the 21st century. Herein, this chapter deals with the importance of antibiotic nanomaterials, and their antibacterial mechanism is discussed. In addition, recent reports on engineered antibiotic nanocomposite materials toward multidrug-resistant bacteria are discussed.

Keywords

Antibiotic nanomaterials; Multidrug-resistant bacteria

1. Introduction

Antibiotics have been widely used in healthcare applications for the control of bacterial infectious diseases [1–3]. In a more detailed situation, they can kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea, protozoa, microalgae, and other microorganisms [3]. According to a recent report, the abuse of traditional antibiotics (anti = against, biotic = life) has led to the rapid assembly of multidrug-resistant bacteria and they are killing several people worldwide [4]. The World Health Organization (WHO) published the list of new multidrug-resistant bacteria information, which is harmful to the living systems [5,6]. However, the drug-resistant bacteria cell envelope is strong due to poor antibiotic internalization, which can cause the resistance of antibiotics. In addition, bacterial resistance to antibiotics can ascend the expression of particular genes of resistance [7]. Generally, when there is increasing bacterial resistance in the living system, the dosages of antibiotics also increase to control bacteria, which causes the side effects to the human body [8]. To solve these issues, several researchers have been working on the generation of new antibiotic materials, by employing several methods. Fenati and his coresearchers synthesized inventive biofilm from Oxacillin, G-quadruplexes, β-lactam antibiotic by coupling [9]. Owing to its oxidizing behavior (peroxidase mimicking), it showed significant action toward Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. They explained the fact that the synthesis process is more economical, with wider operating conditions and have the ability to react with various substrates. Finally, they concluded that this novel system can provide a better candidate for peroxidase-like antimicrobial systems in the future. However, by using nanotechnology, several researchers have invested in new antibiotic materials, toward multidrug-resistant bacteria in healthcare applications. Nanocomposite materials, due to their advanced physical, chemical, and biological properties (size, solubility), can easily interact with bacterial envelopes and inhibit bacterial growth. In addition, they can easily carry drugs and distort the infection of bacteria.

Antibiotics are often composed of inorganic or organic materials. Lately, to enhance antibacterial properties, they are prepared with organic and inorganic nanomaterials several methods. This is because metal-based antibiotic nanoparticles are often more effective in inhibiting multidrug-resistant bacteria and specifically, they are excellent alternatives to the conventional small-molecule antibiotics [10]. These engineered antibiotic materials can have certain levels of toxicity with less degradation. However, up to today, several researchers have been working on the generation of new antibiotics nanomaterials with little or no side effects to the living systems in healthcare. Overall, antibiotics are used for curing human and animal diseases, with less said effects in clinical applications.

2. Nanoparticles

Nanotechnology can offer new futures to organic and inorganic nanomaterials when compared to bulk organic/inorganic materials for use in healthcare [10–12]. In addition, complex antibiotic nanomaterials can reduce the severe toxicity of the materials, hence, overcoming the anticipated resistance and lowering cost, thereby enhancing their applicability in clinical applications [13]. Through nanotechnology, researchers have synthesized small size nanomaterials, and their characteristics greatly enhanced their applicability in biomedical applications, especially, toward microbe's infections. Stauber et al. [14] have clearly enunciated the strong interactions between nanomaterials and human cells (Fig. 1.1). They stated the fact that the many nanomaterials assets and attributes define their technological applications. Therefore it is obvious that the mainly advanced physicochemical properties of the nanoantibiotic materials can lead to the alteration of the pharmacokinetics materials [15]. According to the literature, several nanomaterials have themselves exhibited a very high degree of antimicrobial activity [16]. This antibacterial property mainly depends on size, shape, chemical composition, chemical modification, and coating of nanoparticles, as well as the solvent, used [17]. They are stable (pH, temperature), storable for a long period, and can control infection by using in vitro and in vivo methods [13]. Nanomaterials can be used to carry nanodrugs, for sustained and controlled delivery of antibiotics, improved solubility, controllable and uniform distribution to the target places, reduce the side effects of antibiotics, and achieve superior cellular internalization [13,18,19]. However, by using nanotechnology, several researchers have developed effective nanomedicine against drug recentness bacteria. In addition, antibiotics are often encapsulated into biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles, which can provide protection to antibiotics against environmental deactivation and, hence, alter antibiotic drug movement (pharmacokinetics) and biodistribution [20]. Of importance is the advantage of polymeric particles, as they can easily be modified according to the target site, tissue, cells, and delivery of the drug. They...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• List of Contributors
• Chapter 1. Antibiotic Nanomaterials
• Chapter 2. Therapeutic Efficacy of Antibiotics in the Treatment of Chronic Diseases
• Chapter 3. Antibiotic Polymer for Biomedical Applications
• Chapter 4. Natural Polymeric Materials as a Vehicle for Antibiotics
• Chapter 5. Biodegradable Antibiotic Importers in Medicine
• Chapter 6. Biodegradable Antibiotics in Wound Healing
• Chapter 7. Antibiotics Encapsulated Scaffolds as Potential Wound Dressings
• Chapter 8. Recent Progress on Antibiotic Polymer/Metal Nanocomposites for Health Applications
• Chapter 9. Antibiotic 3D Printed Materials for Healthcare Applications
• Chapter 10. Inhibition of Bacterial Growth and Removal of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria From Wastewater
• Chapter 11. Nosocomial Bacterial Infection of Orthopedic Implants and Antibiotic Hydroxyapatite/Silver-Coated Halloysite Nanotube With Improved Structural Integrity as Potential Prophylaxis
• Chapter 12. Antibiotics as Emerging Pollutants in Water and Its Treatment
• Chapter 13. Aptamer and Riboswitches: A Novel Tool for the Need of New Antimicrobial Active Compounds
• Chapter 14. The Chemistry and Pharmacology of Antibiotics Used in the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis
• Chapter 15. Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: A Welcome Development for Targeting Bacteria
• Chapter 16. Metal Oxide–Based Nanocomposites as Antimicrobial and Biomedical Agents
• Index