New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering

Trends of Microbial Biotechnology for Sustainable Agriculture and Biomedicine Systems: Perspectives for Human Health

Ali Asghar Rastegari, Ajar Nath Yadav, Neelam Yadav

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2020
• Print ISBN: 9780128205280
• eBook ISBN: 9780128205297
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Chemical & Biochemical Engineering
• Index: Technology & Engineering

New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Trends of Microbial Biotechnology for Sustainable Agriculture and Biomedicine Systems: Perspectives for Human Health discusses how microbial biotechnology helps us understand new strategies to reduce pathogens and drug resistance through microbial biotechnology. The most commonly used probiotic bacteria are Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Therefore, the probiotic strains exhibit powerful anti-inflammatory, antiallergic and other important properties. This new book provides an indispensable reference source for engineers/bioengineers, biochemists, biotechnologists, microbiologists, pharmacologists, and researchers who want to know about the unique properties of this microbe and explore its sustainable biomedicine future applications.- Introduces the principles of microbial biotechnology and its application for sustainable biomedicine system- Explores various microbes and their beneficial application for biofortification of crops for micronutrients- Explains the potentials and significance of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in health and disease- Includes current applications of beneficial microbes as Functional Food Products of Pharmaceutical Importance

Chapter 1

Microbe-mediated biofortification for micronutrients: Present status and future challenges

Tanvir Kaur^a; Kusam Lata Rana^a; Divjot Kour^a; Imran Sheikh^a; Neelam Yadav^b; Vinod Kumar^c; Ajar Nath Yadav^a; Harcharan Singh Dhaliwal^a; Anil Kumar Saxena^{d a} Department of Biotechnology, Dr. KSG Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, India
^b Gopi Nath P.G. College, Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Ghazipur, Uttar Pradesh, India
^c Department Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India
^d ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Kushmaur, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract

Genetically varying, wild, traditional, or ancient food crops were nutritional-rich compounds such as micronutrients. But, nowadays, level of micronutrients has been declined and even some has been vanished from the food crops because farmers chose to grow more productivity of the crops and make more profits. The reduced amount of micronutrients in food crops causes micronutrient deficiencies or hidden hunger in human, which is one of the serious global threats that affect more than two million people worldwide. Hidden hunger can cause dangerous health conditions and diseases such as birth defect, cancer, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, neurodegenerative disorders, and many more. To overcome these issues, microbes-mediated biofortification is a new and promising option for the bioavailibity of nutrient to plants. Biofortification is getting more attention to increase phytoavailability of micronutrients, especially Fe, Zn, Mg, and Se, in the major food crops. Utilization of diverse types of microbes that promote plant growth is becoming an effective approach to substitute synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and supplements. Microbes mobilize the nutrients by various mechanisms such as acidification, chelation, exchange reactions, and release of organic acids.

Keywords

Biofortification; Fe; Malnutrition; Microbes; Wheat; Zn

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the Department of Biotechnology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib and Department of Environment, Science & Technology (DEST), and Shimla funded project “Development of Microbial Consortium as Bio-inoculants for Drought and Low Temperature Growing Crops for Organic Farming in Himachal Pradesh” for providing the facilities and financial support, to undertake the investigations.

Conflict of Interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

1.1 Introduction

The plants mostly require nutrients, minerals, and an adequate supply of water, light, and heat from the environment for their proper growth and development. Even the moderate deficiencies of nutrient have an effect on the growth and development of plant (Grusak et al., 2001). The association among microbes and nutrients also plays a vital role in the control of diseases in the crop. The most important micronutrients which perform vital role in growth and health of plants are Iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), boron (B), chlorine (Cl), molybdenum (Mo), and nickel (Ni) (Dhuldhaj and Pandya, 2017; Grusak et al., 2001). One of the important approaches which enriched the micronutrient in staple food is through mineral fertilizers, conventional breeding, and genetic modification referred to as biofortification or “biological fortification.” The population that has limited access to sufficient diets biofortification is an upcoming, promising, cost-effective, and sustainable technique of delivering micronutrients (Garg et al., 2018). In the developing nations, poverty and inadequate supply of food are the most significant factors which threaten the lives of millions of people. The biological process of enhancement of micronutrients is first considered through increasing its availability in the soil, which is considered as pillar of agriculture (Ahmad et al., 2016).

Microbes residing within the intercellular tissues of plants such as root, stem, leaves, flowers, seeds, etc. play a vital role in maintaining physiology of plant, providing resistance against both biotic and abiotic stress factors, nutrient acquisition referred to as endophytic microbes (Jha et al., 2013; Weyens et al., 2014). Endophytic microbes affect the growth of plant by both direct and indirect mechanism through bioavailability of nutrients, fixation of nitrogen, synthesis of phytohormones, inhibition of phytopathogens growth, and enhanced tolerance of plants against various abiotic stress factors (Gupta et al., 2000). Various literatures reported that plants inoculated with endophytic microbes resulted in better health, higher crop production, and enhanced nutritional value through biofortification in the crops (Sura-de Jong et al., 2015). Endophytic microbes are more efficient than rhizospheric as they are present inside the plant and interact with the plant closely as compared to rhizospheric (Reiter et al., 2002; Weyens et al., 2013). Various literatures reported that endophytic microbes either bacteria or fungus belon...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Contributors
• Chapter 1: Microbe-mediated biofortification for micronutrients: Present status and future challenges
• Chapter 2: Microalgae as sustainable food: incorporation as strategy in the formulation of functional food
• Chapter 3: Biofloc systems in aquaculture: Global status and trends
• Chapter 4: Microbially derived biosensors for diagnosis, monitoring, and epidemiology for future biomedicine systems
• Chapter 5: New approaches to antimicrobial discovery: Current development and future prospects
• Chapter 6: Discovery of antibiotic-resistant bacteria: Microbial and molecular approaches
• Chapter 7: Microbial biofilms in the human: Diversity and potential significances in health and disease
• Chapter 8: Genetically engineered microbes for sustainable therapies
• Chapter 9: Fungal secondary metabolites and their biotechnological applications for human health
• Chapter 10: Microbiome therapies: Role of microbial biotechnology in sustainable development
• Chapter 11: Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics: Current status and future uses for human health
• Chapter 12: Bacteria in cancer therapy: Strategies to improvement and future directions
• Chapter 13: Phage therapy: Current development and future prospects
• Chapter 14: Retrograde signaling: A novel antifungal drug target
• Chapter 15: Gut microbiome: Current development, challenges, and perspectives
• Chapter 16: Probiotics for humans: Current status and future prospects
• Chapter 17: Biotechnological applications of beneficial microbiomes for evergreen agriculture and human health
• Chapter 18: Microbial biotechnology for sustainable biomedicine systems: Current research and future challenges
• Index