Nanotechnology in the Beverage Industry

Fundamentals and Applications

Abdeltif Amrane, Susai Rajendran, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Aymen Amine Assadi, Ashraf Mahdy Sharoba

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2020
• Print ISBN: 9780128199411
• eBook ISBN: 9780128199428
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Materials Science
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Nanotechnology in the Beverage industry: Fundamentals and Applications looks at how nanotechnology is being used to enhance water quality, as well as how the properties of nanomaterials can be used to create different properties in both alcoholic and no-alcoholic drinks and enhance the biosafety of both drinks and their packaging. This is an important reference for materials scientists, engineers, food scientists and microbiologists who want to learn more about how nanotechnology is being used to enhance beverage products.As active packaging technology, nanotechnology can increase shelf-life and maintain the quality of beverages. In the field of water treatment, nanomaterials offer new routes to address challenges.- Describes the major properties that make nanomaterials good agents for increasing the purification of water and other beverages- Outlines major nanoencapsulation techniques for use in a variety of beverage types- Discusses the major challenges of using nanomaterials in both beverages and beverage packaging

Part 1

Nanomaterials in water treatment

Chapter 1

TiO₂-based nanomaterials for wastewater treatment

R. Parimaladevi^a; M. Umadevi^a; T.N. Rekha^b; A. Milton Franklin Benial^{c a} Department of Physics, Mother Teresa Women's University, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India
^b Department of Physics, Lady Doak College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
^c Department of Physics, NMSSVN College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract

Wastewater effluents from textile industries contain toxic chemicals, which need to be treated prior to effluent disposal. Semiconductor photocatalysis is emerging as potential technique for treating such effluents. The main advantage of this technique is the fact that organic contaminants are completely mineralized without requiring any further treatment. Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is the most efficient semiconductor photocatalyst as it is stable in aqueous media and tolerant to both alkaline and acidic solutions. Due to its wide bandgap (E_g ≈ 3.0 eV), TiO₂ can absorb only the light in the UV region, and that is one of the biggest drawbacks of TiO₂. Several attempts have been made recently to improve the photocatalytic performances of a TiO₂ photocatalyst by extending the photoresponse of the UV-active semiconductor into the visible region through the bandgap engineering. This chapter outlines the interaction of fluorine and carbon nanotubes in TiO₂ structure and the changes in photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ and multiwalled carbon nanotube-fluorine-codoped TiO₂ nanocomposites, which find potential applications of the nanocomposite in water treatment.

Keywords

Wastewater treatment; Semiconductor; Titanium oxide; Carbon nanotube; Photocatalyst; Structural studies; Vibrational analysis

Chapter outline

• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Photocatalytic activity
• 1.3 Photocatalytic mechanism
• 1.4 Photocatalyst TiO₂
• 1.5 Synthesis of TiO₂ composites
• 1.6 Structural studies
• 1.7 Vibrational analysis
• 1.8 Photocatalytic activity measurement
• 1.9 Photocatalytic investigation of TiO₂ composites
• References
• Further reading

1.1 Introduction

Human civilization requires clean water for existence and growth. In fact, it is necessary not only for the mankind but also for all the other living beings. Because of extensive water pollution, the availability of clean drinking water has become a major problem in the recent years. Dye manufacturing and textile industries are the chief contributors to the problem of water pollution. Textile pigmentation and treatment processes contribute around 17%–20% to the global industrial water pollution. Approximately 7 × 10⁵ tons of dyestuffs are produced worldwide annually, and 10%–15% of that is released into the environment during the process of synthesis and dyeing [1]. Textile wastewater is characterized by intense color, high chemical oxygen demand, high biooxygen demand, and fluctuating pH. The release of such untreated wastes into the water bodies is resulting in the destruction of aquatic life and hence in turn disturbing the ecological balance while causing various diseases and health problems in human beings. Water purification methods are commonly classified into two broad categories: physical and chemical methods. Physical methods include boiling, filtration, sedimentation, distillation, desalination, reverse osmosis, and irradiation with UV light. Chemical method includes coagulation, flocculation, and chlorination. Physicochemical method is basically the photocatalytic degradation of dissolved water pollutants under irradiation and has become very popular over the past decade for wastewater treatment. As the degradation of water pollutants using light-absorbing materials under solar radiation is more economic and highly efficient way of wastewater treatment, this method is promising excellent solution to the pollution problem. The harmful organic dyes present in the wastewater can be easily removed through photocatalysis, utilizing the solar radiation. Since photocatalysis plays a vital role in addressing the environmental problem of water pollution, it has attracted the interest of the science community, and many studies are being carried out. The term photocatalyst is a combination of photochemistry and catalysis [2], and in the process, light and a catalyst are necessary to accelerate the chemical transformation.

1.2 Photocatalytic activity

In the photocatalytic process a nontoxic, biologically and chemically stable, less expensive semiconductor is commonly used, which is capable of retrieval and extended use without loss of catalytic ability. This semiconductor is also capable of pollutant management and controls the contaminants in air under ambient conditions [3]. An advanced study intended in understanding and developing semiconductor photocatalysts was reported by Fujishima et al. in 1972 [4], illustrating simultaneous oxidation and reduction of water into O₂ and H₂ upon UV illumination of a TiO₂ electrode in the aid of a small electrochemical bias. This significant discovery paved the way for extensive research works on the production of hydrogen from water as an alternate source of clean energy using sunlight.

A semiconductor photocatalyst has two sets of closely spaced energy levels that form the valence and the conduction bands. The bandgap of a semiconductor is the difference in energy between the electrons populated valence band and the almost vacant conduction ...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Contributors
• Part 1: Nanomaterials in water treatment
• Part 2: Smart nanocapsules/nanocarriers in drinks
• Part 3: Applications of nanotechnology for hygiene of drinks
• Part 4: Applications of nanotechnology for packaging of drinks
• Index