Applications of Nanocomposite Materials in Dentistry

Abdullah M. Asiri, Inamuddin, Ali Mohammad, Dr. Inamuddin

• Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
• Year: 2018
• Print ISBN: 9780128137420
• eBook ISBN: 9780128137598
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Chemical & Biochemical Engineering
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Applications of Nanocomposite Materials in Dentistry presents the study and developments of nano-composite materials for dental applications. Special emphasis is given to the issues related to dental bone regeneration using various types of nano-composite materials, issues of dental failure, antibacterial properties and dental implants. Topics are systematically arranged so that layman can also understand the fundamentals and applications of dental nanocomposites. The book offers a powerful source of exploration on the preparation, characteristics and specific uses of composites in the fields of applied chemistry and medical sciences. - Offers an historical overview of composites materials and their dentistry applications - Outlines the role of nanocomposites and nanotechnology in dentistry - Discusses the properties of nanocomposites for dental grafting, implants and bone tissues

1

Bioactive glass/glass ceramics for dental applications

Manjeet S. Dahiya^⁎; Vijay K. Tomer^†; S. Duhan^{⁎ *} Department of Material Science and Nanotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, India
^† Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States

Abstract

Bioactive materials are utilized for repair and regeneration in the field of dentistry and osteology. Depending upon the requirement, different forms of bioactive materials are synthesized and used in the healing/repair of body tissues. This is generally achieved through biological interactions between the tissues and materials. Glass/glass ceramics comprises a wide variety of bioactive materials and usually includes oxides of silicon, phosphorous, magnesium, calcium, sodium, etc. These are synthesized following different techniques such as sol-gel, hydrothermal, vapor deposition, melt quench, etc., and are used in powdered form. This chapter focuses on the discussion of bioactive glasses along with their compositional flexibilities and synthesis procedures. The difficulties faced in different synthesis procedures, along with their merits and demerits, will be critically and collectively discussed. The chapter will also include a collection of to-date notable literature describing the performance of bioactive glasses in dental applications such as filler materials, decay/corrosion inhibitors, etc. The activity of these glasses with the body will be critically discussed as bioactive glass/glass ceramics are considered the least inert, most active biomaterials, the presence of which can easily be experienced within the human body as compared to inert fiber materials. Critical discussion will conclude with the proposal of some novel compositions, and a report of the loopholes in synthesis or implementation methodologies.

Keywords

Glass; Osteology; Glass ceramics; Bioactive; Biocompatibility; Dental implant.

Acknowledgments

Authors are grateful to Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, India, for providing financial assistance through Grant No. 03(1377)/16/EMR-II. M.S. Dahiya is also thankful to CSIR for providing financial assistance through a research associateship (Grant No. 03(1377)/16/EMR-II).

1.1 Introduction

Humans have known about glasses since 5000 BC, when obsidian (a natural glass of volcanic origin, also known as hyalopsite, Iceland agate, or mountain mahogany) and tektites (naturally formed glasses of extraterrestrial or other origin, also referred to as obsidianites) were used for making weapons. With the passage of time, there was a transformation in techniques for obtaining glass and the applicability of glasses. Table 1.1 summarizes the key advancements in glass history along with their time, domain, and types. The forefathers of modern glass research were the German scientist Otto Schott (1851–1935) and Ernst Abbe (1840–1905), a professor at the University of Jena and joint owner of the Carl Zeiss firm. The tailoring of glass compositions according to scientific need began at very large scale after the pioneer work of these two scientists.

Table 1.1

Development in glasses over the years

Year	Glass type	Use	Domain
~ 5000 BC	Obsidian/tektites	Weapons	Syria
~ 3500 BC	Non-transparent beads	Ceramic glazes	Egypt/Mesopotamia
~ 1500 BC	Core-dipped glass	Decoration	Egypt
~ 20 BC	Blown glass	Hollow glass items	Syria
~ 100 AD	Clear glass	Windows	Rome/France/Germany
~ 1000 AD	Potash glass	Decoration/containers	Europe
~ 1100 AD	Sheet glass	Luxurious buildings	Germany
~ 1270 AD	Quartz glass	Crystal ornaments	Italy/Syria/Europe
~ 1650 AD	Lead crystal	Engraved crafts	England
~ 1690 AD	Plate glass	Mirrors	France
~ 1900 AD	Glass industries	Scientific/technological	Germany
~ 1910 AD	Bottle blowing	Container glass	America
~ 1917 AD	Flat glass	Civil engineering	Belgium/France/America

The 20th century led to some new technological developments of synthesizing glasses by tailoring their compositions according to the scientific/technical need. On the basis of their compositions, glasses are categorized into three main families, which include (i) organic glasses, (ii) inorganic glasses, and (iii) metallic glasses. These three categories are further divided into subcategories as shown in Fig. 1.1. Metallic glasses are solid metallic materials with a disordered atomic-scale structure. Unlike common glasses, which are typically electrical insulators, metallic glasses have good electrical conductivity. Organic glasses are transparent thermoplastics often used in sheet form as a lightweight or shatter-resistant alternative to glass, for example, poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA). The inorganic glasses include oxides, nonoxides and hybrid glasses. The hybrid glasses are generally a mixed with compositions of oxide and nonoxides in different proportions. The oxide glasses primarily include borate, silicate, and phosphate glasses, but other glasses like bismuthate, germinate, and their combinations such as borosilicate, etc., also lie in the family of oxide glasses. The nonoxide glasses include halide, nitride, and carbide glasses. The third category is hybrid glasses, which include oxyhalide, oxynitride, and oxycarbide glasses.

Fig. 1.1 Glasses and their types based on chemical composition.

Different glass applications have been discovered by scientists over the years, but the use of glasses in biomedical applications was not even a hope before the discovery of bioglass by Hench in the late 1960s [1]. Hench unlocked the path to a new era of bioactivity between artificial materials and bones. Before this discovery, body parts were replaced by some metallic or metal composite materials through the inactivity between artificial and actual bone. The discovery of bioactive glass was not accidental, but it was called miraculous by Hench himself. This all started with a conversation between Hench and an Army colonel who was coming back from Vietnam with his injured soldiers. As a renowned scientific personality, Prof. Hench was challenged by the colonel to “make a material that will survive exposure to human body.” This prompted Prof. Hench to focus his research on investigating radiation’s effects on glass. Inspired by the colonel’s proposal, Prof. Hench applied for funding to an Army medical agency. This turned out to be a miraculous moment, as nobody could imagine that a person without a medical degree could obtain such funding, and Hench’s journey started. He began with a phase diagram of Na₂O-CaO-P₂O₅-SiO₂, and it was miraculous that the first composit...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• List of contributors
• Preface
• 1: Bioactive glass/glass ceramics for dental applications
• 2: Calcium fluoride-based dental nanocomposites
• 3: Carbon nanocomposites for implant dentistry and bone tissue engineering
• 4: Dental pulp capping nanocomposites
• 5: Carbon nanotubes for dental implants
• 6: Degradation and failure of dental composite materials
• 7: Hydroxyapatite composites for dentistry
• 8: Hydroxyapatite and its coatings in dental implants
• 9: Nanocomposite restorative materials for dental caries management
• 10: Nanocomposites and nanoionomers for orthodontic bracket bonding
• 11: Nanocomposites: Past, present, and future of dentistry
• 12: Nanotechnology in dentistry
• 13: Polymer composites for dental fillings
• 14: Material selection for single-tooth crown restorations
• 15: Remineralization and antibacterial capabilities of resin-based dental nanocomposites
• 16: Titanium-based nanocomposite materials for dental implant systems
• 17: Mechanical stability of dental materials
• 18: Chitosan nanocomposites for bone and cartilage regeneration
• 19: Recent advances in posterior resin composite restorations
• Index