Disinfection By-products in Drinking Water

Detection and Treatment

M.N.V. Prasad

• Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
• Year: 2020
• Print ISBN:
  9780081029770
• eBook ISBN:
  9780081029787
• Topic: Tecnologia e ingegneria
• Subtopic: Gestione ambientale

Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water: Detection and Treatment presents cutting-edge research on how to understand the procedures, processes and considerations for detecting and treating disinfection by-products from drinking water, swimming pool water, and wastewater. The book begins with an overview of the different groups of Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs), such as: Trihalomethanes (THM), Halo acetic acids, and Haloacetonitrile (HAN). This coverage is quickly followed by a clear and rigorous exposition of the latest methods and technologies for the characterization, occurrence, formation, transformation and removal of DBPs in drinking water. Other chapters focus on ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, electron spin resonance, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Researchers will find a valuable resource to a breath of topics for DBP detection and treatment, including various recent techniques, such as microfiltration, nanofiltration membrane and nanotechnology. - Explains the latest research in detection, treatment processes and remediation technologies - Includes sampling, analytical and characterization methods and approaches - Covers cutting-edge research, including membrane based technologies, nanotechnology treatment technologies and bioremediation treatment technologies - Provides background information regarding contamination sources

Chapter 1

Methods used for the removal of disinfection by-products from water

Anna Kwarciak-Kozłowska, Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Infrastructure and Environment, Czestochowa, Poland

Abstract

The treatment and disinfection of drinking water continues to be a major public health issue. Natural organic matter (NOM) can react with disinfectants and form disinfection by-products (DBPs). Because of the potential adverse health influence of DBPs, the removal of DBP precursors is required by US Environmental Protection Agency. Owing to variability in DBPs characteristics, complete elimination from drinking water by a single technique is impossible. Membrane filtration processes are effective in removing significant amount of NOM, thus minimizing the formation of carcinogenic DBPs. The most important property of membrane filtration is pore size. By decreasing membrane pore size, the removal of NOMs can be increased. When removing DBPs from drinking water, the process of microfiltration and ultrafiltration is most often supported by adsorption, coagulation, or AOX process.

Keywords

Disinfection by-products (DBP); THM; ultrafiltration; microfiltration; nanofiltration; reverse osmosis; ultrafiltration

1.1 Introduction

Water intended for consumption purposes must be not only devoid of harmful substances, but also have a composition beneficial to health. Owing to the fact that drinkable water can contain viruses that are dangerous for human health and life—the bacteria (along with their spore forms), parasites, and higher organisms—its quality is very strictly regulated both chemically and microbiologically. One of the main achievements of the 20th century was the use of universal disinfection of drinking water. This contributed to stoppage of epidemics of cholera, typhoid, typhus, dysentery, and many other diseases (Skotnicka-Pitak, 2006; Namieślnik et al., 2003). It is estimated that there are approximately 1400 species of pathogens found in surface water infecting humans, which can be divided into three main categories (Bitton, 2014; Dembek and Anderson, 2018; Kowal and Świderska-Bróż, 2007; Ramírez-Castillo et al., 2015; Woolhouse, 2006):

• • viruses— including adenovirus, astroviruses, enteroviruses, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis E virus, norovirus, rotavirus, and sapoviruses;
• • bacteria— including Campylobacter spp., Helicobacter pylori, Escherichia coli, Legionella pneumophila and related bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, Shigella spp., Vibrio cholerae, and Yersinia enterocolitica; and
• • mushrooms, protozoa and worms—among others Acanthamoeba spp. Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium cayetanensis, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis, Naegleria fowleri, and Toxoplasma gondii.

The disinfection process at the water treatment station can be carried out by physical and/or chemical methods (Solecka, 2009; Lazarova et al., 1998; Lazarova et al., 1999):

• • Physical processes are associated with separation of solid phase from water, that is, suspension. These include filtration, membrane processes, pasteurization, cooking, ultraviolet (UV) and gamma radiation, photocatalytic process based on UV radiation in the presence of TiO₂ or TiO₂/Ag, ultrasounds, and adsorption.
• • Chemical processes involving the introduction of strong oxidants to water, such as ozone, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chloramine (CAM), potassium permanganate, sodium chlorate, bromine, and iodine. Chemical processes also include the coagulation process used, among others for removing colloids and excessive amounts of organic matter. Also included is the ion exchange process used to remove ammonium, nitrate, as well as fluoride ions.

The purpose of water disinfection is to destroy living and spore forms of pathogenic organisms and to protect the distribution network from their early development. Most of the difficulties and problems associated with the disinfection process are the result of, among others:

• • high diversity of resistance to disinfection of individual groups of pathogens (viruses, bacteria, protozoa), various forms of their occurrence (vegetative, spore), and forms that these pathogens take (flocculate suspensions, biofilms) and
• • activation of chemical admixtures of water and creation of by-products, in particular, toxic products (Dymaczewski et al., 2019; Stewert and Costerton, 2001; Harwood et al., 2005; Benjamin, 2015).

Chemical disinfectants destroy microorganisms by affecting elements of their structure or metabolism. The effect of disinfectants, in addition to the previously mentioned ones, may be:

• • destruction of the cell wall;
• • damage to the cytoplasmic membrane—for example, chlorine dioxide destroys the cell membrane, and then the cell nucleus of the bacteria, passes through the walls of the cells, and penetrates their interior as a result of the reaction with the amino acids of the cytoplasm;
• • protein oxidation—hypochlorite, peroxyacids, as well as other oxidant compounds can cause oxidation of double bonds in the cell membrane of bacteria, enzymes, RNA, DNA, as well as sulfhydryl groups to disulfide bridges;
• • discontinuation of active transport across the cell membrane; and
• • protein coagulation and/or inhibition of protein synthesis processes in microorg...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• List of contributors
• About the editor
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Chapter 1. Methods used for the removal of disinfection by-products from water
• Chapter 2. Physico-chemical techniques for the removal of disinfection by-products precursors from water
• Chapter 3. Degradation of trihalomethanes using ultrasound-based nanocatalyst
• Chapter 4. Occurrence of trihalomethanes in drinking water of Indian states: a critical review
• Chapter 5. Emerging disinfection by-products in water: novel biofiltration techniques
• Chapter 6. Research status in quo of disinfection by-products formation from algal organic matter as precursors
• Chapter 7. Disinfection by-products in food and beverages
• Chapter 8. Disinfection by-product-induced diseases and human health risk
• Chapter 9. Disinfection by-products and their effect on aquatic and agriculture ecosystem
• Chapter 10. Disinfection by-products in swimming pools and health-related issues
• Chapter 11. Nanotechnology applications for removal of disinfection by-products from water
• Chapter 12. Disinfection by-products in drinking water: detection and treatment methods
• Chapter 13. Global disinfection by-products regulatory compliance framework overview, disinfection by-products in drinking water: detection and treatment
• Chapter 14. Recent research trends in controlling various types of disinfection by-products in drinking water: detection and treatment
• Chapter 15. The occurrence of various types of disinfectant by-products (trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitrile) in drinking water
• Chapter 16. Water disinfection by-products cause acute toxicity in teleosts: a review
• Chapter 17. Methods including biomarkers used for detection of disinfection by-products
• Chapter 18. Factors affecting the formation of disinfection by-products in drinking water: human health risk
• Index