Dynamics of Advanced Sustainable Nanomaterials and Their Related Nanocomposites at the Bio-Nano Interface

Niranjan Karak

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2019
• Print ISBN:
  9780128191422
• eBook ISBN:
  9780128191439
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Materials Science
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Dynamics of Advanced Sustainable Nanomaterials and Their Related Nanocomposites at the Bio-Nano Interface highlights the most recent research findings (conducted over the last 5-6 years) on the dynamics of nanomaterials, including their multifaceted, advanced applications as sustainable materials. In addition, special attributes of these materials are discussed from a mechanistic and application point-of-view, including their sustainability and interfacial interactions at the bio-nano interface and different applications. This book presents an important reference resource on advanced sustainable nanomaterials for chemical, nano-, and materials technologists who are looking to learn more about advanced nanocomposites with sustainable attributes. Finally, the book examines the emerging market for sustainable materials and their advanced applications, with a particular focus on the bio-nano interface and their future outlook. - Features detailed information on the fundamentals of bio-nano interfacial interactions in sustainable nanomaterials - Includes advanced applications of these materials that will help the end user select the appropriate materials for their desired application - Features extensive information on the dynamics of these materials, helping the end user extend their work into new applications

Chapter 1

Fundamentals of Sustainable Nanostructural Materials at Bio-Nano Interface

Niranjan Karak, PhD

Abstract

This chapter provides an opportunity to familiarize with sustainable nanostructural materials with a particular emphasis on their bio-nano interface. The understanding of nanostructural materials at the bio-nano interface is very much essential for their proper design, application, and safe handling. The materials, methods, and characterization at bio-nano interface of such nanostructural materials are briefed herein. The properties from physical to biological including optical, magnetic, and electrical of those advanced nanostructural materials are also highlighted. The interfacial bio-nano interactions between nanomaterial and biological components are very important for utilization of the maximal therapeutic indices and hence requiring thorough understanding on them, which are also discussed here. The chapter also highlights the use of advanced nanostructural materials in various fields including biomedical, packaging, catalysis, sensor, surface coatings and paints, agriculture, energy harvesting, water treatment, infrastructure, and food security. The environmental and health impacts of such nanostructural materials are also emphasized. The commercial aspect of nanostructural materials is also highlighted. The conclusion and future prospect of sustainable nanostructural materials are presented in this chapter.

Keywords

Application; Nanocomposite; Nanomaterial; Property; Sustainable

Introduction

The importance of nanostructural materials with their advancement of understanding has increased multifolds in recent time both in academic and industrial domains due to their unique and useful attributes (Karak, 2017). The commercial applications of such materials both in medical and nonmedical sectors intensify the chance of direct contact with living systems, thereby affecting the environment and health due to possible bio-nano interactions. These nanomaterials may interact with different biomolecules such as proteins, lipid, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), membranes, cells, and organelles present at bio-nano interfaces (Nel et al., 2009). Such interactions again may influence by the colloidal forces and dynamic bio-physico-chemical conditions. These bio-nano interfacial interactions result in the formation of protein crowns, wrapping and intracellular uptake of nanomaterial as well as different other biochemical processes that may lead to biocompatibility or bio-adversity. This is due to the fact that the biomolecules may induce phase alterations, rearrangement, and dissolution at the surface of the interacted nanomaterial. Thus, researchers in the field, across the globe, are trying to understand the bio-nano interfacial interactions, that is, the interactions happening at the interface between nanomaterials and biological components, to identify their fate for potential risks and advantages in different applications, especially biomedical. However, bio-nano interactions are too much complex to understand, completely, because of their critical nature. The significant variations of large numbers of associated factors such as physicochemical attributes of nanomaterials and biological components at the interface are also observed (Hitler et al., 2017). In this context, sustainable nanostructural materials, especially nanomaterials, are unanomalously being considered as the 21st century material across the globe. This is due to the fact that humanity faces critical challenges in various domains, especially in the environment with the sophistication of life. Thus, the developed materials must be sustainable and hence follow the concept of triple bottom line approach as well as tenets of green chemistry.

In this vein, materials scientists and engineers of the world have to play a critical role to address these challenges for the benefit of the mankind. However, understanding of the challenges and approaches to solve such issues require multidisciplinary knowledge that includes chemistry, physics, and biology as basic along with material and medical science and engineering. Thus, people of all those branches must appear on the same platform for the sustainable development of nanostructural materials. These products comprising nanoscale material(s) are diverse and growing exponentially. According to the National Nanotechnology Initiative of many countries across the globe, nanoscale materials are used by various industries in the domains of pharmaceuticals, electronics, energy, chemical, and biomedical along with others (Bergeson, 2013). The products such as paints and surface coatings, cosmetics, sporting goods, electronics, stain-resistant clothing, sensors, and packaging, among others are using nanomaterials. It is pertinent to mention here that the sustainable nanoscale materials can also be effectively used to remediate hazardous wastes and purify water, improve food nutritional value, sense and monitor pollutants, etc., thereby addressing the environmental and health issues. This is due to the fact that such nanostructural materials are not only safe and effective, but the process involved for their preparation is also followed the principles of green chemistry (Karak, 2012). Thus, sustainable nanomaterials including nanostructural materials are the most desired materials that are obtained from bio-based nontoxic resources. The polymer nanocomposites fabricated by incorporation of nanomaterials in bio-based biocompatible polymers are also useful for this purpose.

In this milieu, among different types of bio-based polymers, natural polymers such as silk, collagen, gelatin, fibrins, chitin, chitosan, alginate, guar gum, shellac, and gutta-percha and bio-derived sustainable polymers are probably the most interesting materials for biomedical applications, as they can provide strong interactions with living tissues. However, these natural polymers have some limitations, and especially possess poor mechanical strength (Karak, 2017). Thus, the incorporation of suitable nanomaterials such as hydroxyapatite (HAp), bioactive glass (BG), nanoclays, carbon nano-dots (CD), and layer double hydroxide not only enhances the mechanical properties but also modifies the surfaces, thereby creating more bio-nano interactions like other bio-based polymers. Thus, it is clear that the research on such nanostructural materials opens up a new and exciting avenue, particularly at the bio-nano interface because their immense potential arises from controlled dimensions, morphology, and properties. Hence, this chapter is fully devoted to understand the basics of the bio-nano interfacial interactions of the nanomaterials in different biological systems as well as the characterization, properties, and applications of such nanostructural materials.

Concept and Significance

The most important issues related to the nanomaterials are their interactions both in pristine and in nanocomposite with the biological components. These engineered materials may interact to biological cells, tissues, or even various biochemical processes upon exposure in different environments (Nel et al., 2009). Therefore, it is paramount important to understand the interactions between nanomaterials and biological components (i.e., bio-nano interactions) at each stage of their exploration, comprehensively. This understanding not only assists to clarify the risk factor of them, but it also helps to design the targeted nano-carrier drug for medical treatment of critical diseases such as cancer. In this milieu, the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials including size, shape, surface charge, aspect ratio, roughness and surface functionality, and adsorption kinetics are most important as they can greatly affect the bio-nano interfacial interactions. These are, thus, useful in diagnostics, in vivo imaging and medical treatment along with the understanding of toxicity effect. The dynamics of interaction between the nanomaterials and biocomponents such as proteins upon administration in body fluid resulted in the formation of protein crown that impacted targeting ability, immunological recognition, toxicity, or biocompatibility of the former (Corbo et al., 2016). The time evolution studies on such phenomenon suggested that some specific proteins have more affinity to interact with the nanomaterial. Again depending on the affinity of interactions, protein molecules may form tight binding, the first protein layer with long exchange time and soft binding protein layers with fast exchange rate; with the adsorbed surface of the nanomaterials (Corbo et al., 2016). Thus, suspension or colloid of nanomaterials in a tissue culture or biological medium may encounter with cell membrane surfaces, organelles, endosomal compartments, cytoplasm, etc., thereby resulting in bio-nano interfacial interactions.

The nanomaterials are belonging to the class of advanced materials, where at least one of the dimensions of such materials lies within 100 nm scale, while nanostructural materials comprise at least one phase or domain in the nanoscale by the presence of nanomaterial. The nanocomposites are the nanostructural materials like polymer nanocomposites must contain polymer as the continuous phase along with one nanoscale dimensional phase within them, approaching from nanomaterial. However, nanotechnology is now well recognized across the globe as the “understanding and controlling of matter at di...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• List of Contributors
• Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Sustainable Nanostructural Materials at Bio-Nano Interface
• Chapter 2. Chemistry, Biology, and Surface Engineering of Sustainable Nanostructural Materials
• Chapter 3. Bio-Nano Interfacial Interactions for Drug Delivery Systems
• Chapter 4. Sustainable Nanostructural Materials for Tissue Engineering
• Chapter 5. Sustainable Nanostructured Materials for Culturing of Various Biological Cells
• Chapter 6. Sustainable Bioresource, Silk at the Nanoscale for Biomedical Applications
• Chapter 7. Bio-Nano Interfacial Interactions of Nanostructural Materials in Soil Health and Environment
• Chapter 8. Sustainable Nanostructured Materials in Food Packaging
• Chapter 9. Sustainable Nanostructural Materials in Biosensor Application
• Chapter 10. Sustainable Nanostructural Materials for Shape Memory, Self-Healing, and Self-Cleaning Applications
• Index