Fruit Crops

Diagnosis and Management of Nutrient Constraints

Anoop Kumar Srivastava, Chengxiao Hu

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2019
• Print ISBN: 9780128187326
• eBook ISBN: 9780128187265
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Biochemistry
• Index: Biological Sciences

Fruit Crops: Diagnosis and Management of Nutrient Constraints is the first and only resource to holistically relate fruits as a nutritional source for human health to the state-of-the-art methodologies currently used to diagnose and manage nutritional constraints placed on those fruits. This book explores a variety of advanced management techniques, including open field hydroponic, fertigation/bio-fertigation, the use of nano-fertilizers, sensors-based nutrient management, climate- smart integrated soil fertility management, inoculation with microbial consortium, and endophytes backed up by ecophysiology of fruit crops. These intricate issues are effectively presented, including real-world applications and future insights.- Presents the latest research, including issues with commercial application- Details comprehensive insights into the diagnosis and management of nutrient constraints- Includes contributions by world renowned researchers, providing global perspectives and experience

Chapter 1

Fruits and nutritional security

Umar Farooq^a,*; Afshan Shafi^a; Kashif Akram^b; Zafar Hayat^{c a} Department of Food Science & Technology, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
^b Department of Food Sciences, Cholistan University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
^c Department of Animal Sciences, CVAS-University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Pakistan
* Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Human existence is only possible through the insurance of nutrient/food security as it is the major right of each individual to have complete access to sufficient food free from hazards and enriched with necessary nutrients. Due to the fact, the nutrient security has become a great challenge all over the globe. Efforts and strategies are only centered on the quantity of food and socioeconomic access to food rather than the nutritional status. Resultantly, the people are suffering from nutritional deficiencies and disorder. Such situations necessitate food choices and diversification to improve the health of the people. To manage nutritional deficiencies, the fruits should be included in the diet patterns. This chapter is basically focused on the hypothesis of management of nutritional deficiencies through fruits. The causes and possible remedies of nutrient insecurity are highlighted, and attempt has been made to justify the role of fruits in nutritional security and human health improvement.

Keywords

Fruits; Nutrients; Diversification; Nutritional insecurity; Human health

Outline

• 1 General
• 2 Fruits
  • 2.1 Nutritional components of fruits
  • 2.2 Bioactive compounds in fruits
• 3 Therapeutic benefits of fruits
  • 3.1 Anticancer properties
  • 3.2 Cardiovascular protection
  • 3.3 Hypercholesterolemia
  • 3.4 Brain health
  • 3.5 Immunity
  • 3.6 Diabetes
  • 3.7 Infectious diseases
• 4 Conclusion
• 5 Future perspectives
• References
• Further reading

1 General

The concept of nutritional security is difficult to define due to its complex, broad, and multidimensional nature. Food availability, affordability, access, safety, and its stability are the basic pillars or dimensions of food security. It also has multidisciplinary nature with the involvement of a variety of stakeholders with national and international status (Candel, 2014; Hendriks, 2015). Food availability refers to the supply of quality food with sufficient quantity, and access is concerned with socioeconomic status of individuals to purchase appropriate foods to meet nutritional requirements. Similarly, the stability in food security is referred to the achievement of a situation where an individual or whole population has access to adequate food all the time (FAO, 2006). These pillars of food security are interconnected, for example, food access is not possible without food availability and food utilization is linked with food access (Hendriks, 2015). When personal needs of sufficient, safe, and wholesome food are fulfilled for healthy and active life all the time, then the person is considered as food secured. As per definitions of food security, only a person should not have access to food; instead, the food must also fulfill the energy and nutritional requirements of the body to prevent the situation of malnutrition. In current scenario, the food security has become a major issue not only for the developing countries but also for the developed countries. Not only the solutions for such a complex problem should consider the environmental and technical perspectives, but also the nations should look at the economic, social, and political aspects to handle the situation of food insecurity (Termeer et al., 2015).

The concerns of food security are not only focused on the prevailing conditions but also related to the future challenges of feeding of rapidly increasing world population (IFPRI, 2015). The research findings have indicated that there is a continuous experience of food insecurity. The first or primary indicator of food insecurity is considered to be the shortage or poverty, which reflects the issues related to food availability and access. To cover such situation, the people try to find out the ways to cut food consumption. This leads to the usage of cheaper and energy dense food commodities to fulfill the energy requirements of the body, which results in hidden hunger through malnutrition of specific nutrients especially the micronutrients. The deficiencies of such vital nutrients lead to acute hunger, and such situation is known as acute food insecurity (Hendriks, 2015).

There are a number of identified reasons for food insecurity, and the major focus of the nations is to improve the economic status of the individual so that each person may have the capacity of purchasing. The other major target is to ensure food availability to feed the whole world. To combat such situations of food insecurity, a number of programs are being launched by the government and nongovernment organizations to fight against food and nutrition insecurity (Tanumihardjo et al., 2007). However, these programs have been found to be little fruitful in reducing food insecurity and failed to address the challenges of nutrition insecurity (Lear et al., 2014; Shisana et al., 2014). These programs have been unable to combat both food and nutrition insecurities (Khoury et al., 2014). The basic reason behind the situations is basically the lack of food diversification. The people rely on only limited foods specially the staple foods of their respective regions, which lead to nutritional insecurities. Although different programs of food fortification and supplementation have been launched all over the world, however, these programs are also limited to the fortification of specific targeted nutrients, and ultimately, the consumer fails to get all necessary nutrients required for a healthy life (Popkin et al., 2012). Thus, the consumption of only...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Contributors
• Editors’ biography
• Preface
• Chapter 1: Fruits and nutritional security
• Chapter 2: Nutrient density of fruit crops as a function of soil fertility
• Chapter 3: Nutrient redistribution in fruit crops: Physiological implications
• Chapter 4: Plant nutrition and physiological disorders in fruit crops
• Chapter 5: Ecophysiology of fruit crops: A glance at its impact on fruit crop productivity
• Chapter 6: Estimating carbon fixation in fruit crops
• Chapter 7: Effects of climate change on fruit nutrition
• Chapter 8: NIR spectroscopy and management of bioactive components, antioxidant activity, and macronutrients in fruits
• Chapter 9: Role of sensors in fruit nutrition
• Chapter 10: Omics in fruit nutrition: Concepts and application
• Chapter 11: Leaf analysis as diagnostic tool for balanced fertilization in tropical fruits
• Chapter 12: Diagnosis of nutrient composition in fruit crops: Major developments
• Chapter 13: Floral analysis in fruit crops: A potential tool for nutrient constraints diagnosis
• Chapter 14: Calcium nutrition in fruit crops: Agronomic and physiological implications
• Chapter 15: Boron deficiency in fruit crops
• Chapter 16: Boron toxicity in fruit crops: Agronomic and physiological implications
• Chapter 17: Aluminum toxicity and fruit nutrition
• Chapter 18: The importance of selenium in fruit nutrition
• Chapter 19: Importance of silicon in fruit nutrition: Agronomic and physiological implications
• Chapter 20: Cover cropping for increasing fruit production and farming sustainability
• Chapter 21: Rootstock: Scion combinations and nutrient uptake in grapevines
• Chapter 22: Microbial ecology in sustainable fruit growing: Genetic, functional, and metabolic responses
• Chapter 23: Mycorrhizosphere of fruit crops: Nature and properties
• Chapter 24: Mycorrhizas in fruit nutrition: Important breakthroughs
• Chapter 25: Microbial consortia: Concept and application in fruit crop management
• Chapter 26: Biofertigation in fruit crops: Concept and application
• Chapter 27: Nutrient management in fruit crops: An organic way
• Chapter 28: Biodynamic soil fertility management in fruit crops
• Chapter 29: Manipulating fruit quality through foliar nutrition
• Chapter 30: Open field hydroponics in fruit crops: Developments and challenges
• Chapter 31: Role of biochars in soil fertility management of fruit crops
• Chapter 32: Physiological and molecular basis of salinity tolerance in fruit crops
• Chapter 33: Salt stress alleviation through fertilization in fruit crops
• Chapter 34: Trunk nutrition in fruit crops: An overview
• Chapter 35: Importance of nanofertilizers in fruit nutrition
• Chapter 36: 4R nutrient stewardship in fruit crops
• Chapter 37: Climate-smart integrated soil fertility management in fruit crops: An overview
• Chapter 38: Evaluation of organic versus conventional nutrient management practices in fruit crops
• Chapter 39: Role of controlled and slow release fertilizers in fruit crop nutrition
• Chapter 40: Diagnosis and management of nutritional constraints in berries
• Chapter 41: Soil fertility: Plant nutrition vis-à-vis fruit yield and quality of stone fruits
• Chapter 42: Diagnosis and management of nutrient constraints in papaya
• Chapter 43: Diagnosis and management of nutrient constraints in mango
• Chapter 44: Diagnosis and management of nutrient constraints in bananas (Musa spp.)
• Chapter 45: Diagnosis and management of nutrient constraints in litchi
• Chapter 46: Diagnosis and management of nutrient constraints in pomegranate
• Chapter 47: Diagnosis and management of nutrient constraints in grape
• Chapter 48: Diagnosis and management of nutrient constraints in guava
• Chapter 49: Diagnosis and management of nutrient constraints in citrus
• Chapter 50: Diagnosis and management of nutrient constraints in pineapple
• Index