Sustainable Resource Recovery and Zero Waste Approaches

Mohammad Taherzadeh, Kim Bolton, Jonathan Wong, Ashok Pandey

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2019
• Print ISBN: 9780444642004
• eBook ISBN: 9780444642837
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Environmental Management
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Sustainable Resource Recovery and Zero Waste Approaches covers waste reduction, biological, thermal and recycling methods of waste recovery, and their conversion into a variety of products. In addition, the social, economic and environmental aspects are also explored, making this a useful textbook for environmental courses and a reference book for both universities and companies.- Provides a novel approach on how to achieve zero wastes in a society- Shows the roadmap on achieving Sustainable Development Goals- Considers critical aspects of municipal waste management- Covers recent developments in waste biorefinery, thermal processes, anaerobic digestion, material recycling and landfill mining

Chapter 1

Agricultural, Industrial, Municipal, and Forest Wastes

An Overview

Ria Millati, PhD, Rochim Bakti Cahyono, PhD, Teguh Ariyanto, PhD, Istna Nafi Azzahrani, STP, Rininta Utami Putri, STP, and Mohammad J. Taherzadeh, PhD

Abstract

Four groups of waste generated from the agricultural, forest, municipal, and industrial sectors are discussed. Corncob, oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB), rice husk, rice straw, sugarcane bagasse, and wheat straw were selected to represent solid wastes from the agricultural sector. The production of corncob, OPEFB, rice husk, rice straw, and sugarcane bagasse in 2017 and wheat straw in the crop year 2017/2018 reached approximately 230, 67, 136, 510, 510, and 640 million tons, respectively. Forest waste is produced from primary and secondary manufacturing processes of hardwoods and softwoods. Waste generation from hardwoods and softwoods reached about 58 million tons in 2013 and 166 million tons in 2016, respectively. Agricultural and forest wastes are lignocellulosic materials. Their utilization ranges from traditional to modern, where some of them end up in industrial applications to replace oil-based products. Municipal solid waste (MSW) is generated from households, commercial and trade activities, offices, construction and demolition, and medical wastes. It consists of recyclable materials, toxic substances, compostable organic matters, and soiled wastes. In 2011 the global production of MSW was about 1.7 billion tons per year. Treatment methods of MSW include open dumping, landfilling, recycling, composting, and energy recovery. Industrial waste is classified into nonhazardous and hazardous materials. In 2011 the global annual amount of industrial waste was estimated to be approximately 9.1 billion tons.

Keywords

Agricultural waste; Forest waste; Industrial waste; Municipal solid waste; Overview

Introduction

According to the EU Waste Directive [1], waste is any substance or object that the holder discards or intends to discard or is required to discard. However, in the concept of sustainable development, waste is considered as a resource that is useful in the production of various valuable products. By doing so, the use of raw materials in manufacturing processes is reduced. The environmental impact caused by waste accumulation would likewise be minimized. In this chapter, different groups of wastes from the agricultural, forest, municipal, and industrial sectors are discussed. The discussion covers the quantity and quality of both waste characteristics and waste treatment and the potential utilization of wastes for producing, e.g., bioenergy, biomaterials, and biochemicals.

Agricultural Waste

Sugarcane, corn, rice, and wheat are the top four of the world's largest produced crops by quantity [2]. Together, rice, corn, and wheat supply more than 42% of all calories consumed by the whole human population [3], whereas palm oil produced from the oil palm tree is one of the most consumed and produced oils in the world. Cultivation and manufacturing processes, which use these crops as raw material, generate solid wastes such as rice straw, rice husk, corncob, wheat straw, and oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB). As the crops are considered to be the world's most produced and consumed agricultural products, accordingly, the associated solid wastes are available in plentiful amount. It is not only the amount of these solid wastes that creates significant concern but also their characteristic as a lignocellulose...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• List of Contributors
• Preface
• Chapter 1. Agricultural, Industrial, Municipal, and Forest Wastes: An Overview
• Chapter 2. Life Cycle Assessment of Waste Management Systems
• Chapter 3. Waste Biorefinery
• Chapter 4. Solid Waste Management Toward Zero Landfill: A Swedish Model
• Chapter 5. Influential Aspects in Waste Management Practices
• Chapter 6. Sustainable Management of Solid Waste
• Chapter 7. Law and Public Management of Solid Waste in Brazil: A Historical-Critical Analysis
• Chapter 8. Sorting Household Waste at the Source
• Chapter 9. Sustainable Composting and Its Environmental Implications
• Chapter 10. Vermicomposting of Waste: A Zero-Waste Approach for Waste Management
• Chapter 11. Biogas From Wastes: Processes and Applications
• Chapter 12. Dry Anaerobic Digestion of Wastes: Processes and Applications
• Chapter 13. Combustion of Waste in Combined Heat and Power Plants
• Chapter 14. Gasification Technologies and Their Energy Potentials
• Chapter 15. Syngas Fermentation for Bioethanol and Bioproducts
• Chapter 16. Recycling of Technologic Metals: Fundamentals and Technologies
• Chapter 17. Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment: Current Legislations, Waste Management, and Recycling of Energy, Materials, and Feedstocks
• Chapter 18. What do Recent Assessments Tell Us About the Potential and Challenges of Landfill Mining?
• Index