Integration of Distributed Energy Resources in Power Systems

Implementation, Operation and Control

Toshihisa Funabashi

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2016
• Print ISBN: 9780128032121
• eBook ISBN: 9780128032138
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Integration of Distributed Energy Resources in Power Systems: Implementation, Operation and Control covers the operation of power transmission and distribution systems and their growing difficulty as the share of renewable energy sources in the world's energy mix grows and the proliferation trend of small scale power generation becomes a reality.The book gives students at the graduate level, as well as researchers and power engineering professionals, an understanding of the key issues necessary for the development of such strategies. It explores the most relevant topics, with a special focus on transmission and distribution areas.Subjects such as voltage control, AC and DC microgrids, and power electronics are explored in detail for all sources, while not neglecting the specific challenges posed by the most used variable renewable energy sources.- Presents the most relevant aspects of the integration of distributed energy into power systems, with special focus on the challenges for transmission and distribution- Explores the state-of the-art in applications of the most current technology, giving readers a clear roadmap- Deals with the technical and economic features of distributed energy resources and discusses their business models

Chapter 1

Introduction

Toshihisa Funabashi Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability (IMaSS), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Abstract

The world energy demand has been increasing exponentially. Conventional energy resources (eg, coal, oil, and gas) are exhaustible and limited in supply. Therefore, there is an urgent need to conserve what we have on hand and explore the alternative energy resources. Among various types of renewable energy resources, the solar and wind energies are the most promising for humankind. Because of the large amount of renewable energies, the renewable energy sources will be the backbone of the energy system in future. Over the time, the renewable energy gradually displaces the coal, oil, and gas from our energy consumption patterns. In order to integrate a large amount of renewable energies into the power system, it is required to reconfigure the existing energy systems. The intelligent power grid or smart grid (SG) is the key to grasp this transformation. The SG systems in future will compose of several elements such as distributed renewable energy sources, a strong power grid, a flexible consumption, and an intelligent power control system. Distributed renewable energy sources (eg, wind turbine, photovoltaic, fuel cell, biomass, smart house, etc.) and energy storage devices (eg, battery, EDLC, superconducting magnetic energy storage, etc.) are expected to play a vital role for the green SG system and to meet the future energy demand. The DGs are to locate generation close to the load, hence on the distribution network or on the customer side of the meter. DGs have much potential to improve distribution system performance and it should be encouraged.

Keywords

wind turbine

photovoltaic

fuel cell

biomass

smart house

battery

EDLC

superconducting magnetic energy storage

smart grid

Chapter outline

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Distributed generation resources 3

1.2.1 Reciprocating engines 3

1.2.2 Microturbine generator (MTG) system 4

1.2.3 Fuel cells 5

1.3 Renewable energy sources 6

1.3.1 Wind energy conversion system 6

1.3.2 PV energy system 7

1.3.3 Biomass 8

1.3.4 Geothermal energy 9

1.3.5 Hydro energy 9

1.4 Energy storage systems 9

1.4.1 Electric double layer capacitor 10

1.4.2 Battery energy storage system 10

1.4.3 Superconducting magnetic energy storage 10

1.4.4 Flywheel 11

1.4.5 Plug in electric vehicle 11

1.5 Smart grid 11

References 13

1.1. Introduction

World energy demand has been increasing exponentially. Conventional energy resources (eg, coal, oil, and gas) are exhaustible and limited in supply. Therefore, there is an urgent need to conserve what we have and explore alternative energy resources. Among various types of renewable energy resources, solar and wind energies are the most promising for humankind [1]. Because of the large amount of renewable energies, the renewable energy sources will be the backbone of the energy system in future [2]. Over time, renewable energy will gradually displace coal, oil, and gas from our energy consumption patterns. In order to integrate a large amount of renewable energies into the power system, it is required to reconfigure the existing energy systems. The intelligent power grid or smart grid (SG) is key to this transformation. In the future, SG systems will be composed of several elements such as distributed renewable energy sources, a strong power grid, a flexible consumption, and an intelligent power control system [3]. Distributed renewable energy sources (eg, wind turbine, photovoltaic, fuel cell, biomass, smart house, etc.) and energy storage devices (eg, battery, electric double layer capacitor, superconducting magnetic energy storage, etc.) are expected to play a vital role for the green SG system and to meet the future energy demand [4,5]. The distributed generations (DGs) locate generation close to the load, that is, on the distribution network or on the customer side of the meter [6]. DGs have great potential to improve distribution system performance and should be encouraged [7].

Rating of DGs: The maximum rating of the DG which can be connected to a distributed generation depends on the capacity of the distribution system that is interrelated with the voltage level of the distribution system. Hence, the capacity of DGs can vary widely. There are four different categories of DGs which are as follows [8]:

Micro. DG range: ∼1 W < 5 kW;

Small. DG range: 5 kW < 5 MW;

Medium. DG range: 5 MW < 50 MW;

Large. DG range: 50 MW < ∼300 MW.

Due to the various types of DGs, the generation electric current can be either direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC). Photovoltaic, fuel cell, and batteries generate the DC which is appropriate for DC loads and DC SG. On the other hand, the DC can be converted to the AC by using power electronics interface and then it can be connected to the AC loads and power grid. Other DGs such as wind turbine, micro turbine, and biomass deliver an AC which for some applica...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• List of contributors
• Chapter 1: Introduction
• Chapter 2: Integration of distributed energy resources in distribution power systems
• Chapter 3: Operational aspects of distribution systems with massive DER penetrations
• Chapter 4: Prediction of photovoltaic power generation output and network operation
• Chapter 5: Prediction of wind power generation output and network operation
• Chapter 6: Energy management systems for DERs
• Chapter 7: Protection of DERs
• Chapter 8: Lightning protections of renewable energy generation systems
• Chapter 9: Distributed energy resources and power electronics
• Chapter 10: AC/DC microgrids
• Chapter 11: Stability problems of distributed generators
• Chapter 12: Virtual synchronous generators and their applications in microgrids
• Chapter 13: Application of DERs in electricity market
• Subject Index