Simulation of Battery Systems

Fundamentals and Applications

Farschad Torabi, Pouria Ahmadi

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2019
• Print ISBN: 9780128162125
• eBook ISBN: 9780128165959
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Energy
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Simulation of Battery Systems: Fundamentals and Applications covers both the fundamental and technical aspects of battery systems. It is a solid reference on the simulation of battery dynamics based on fundamental governing equations of porous electrodes. Sections cover the fundamentals of electrochemistry and how to obtain electrochemical governing equations for porous electrodes, the governing equations and physical characteristics of lead-acid batteries, the physical characteristics of zinc-silver oxide batteries, experimental tests and parameters necessary for simulation and validation of battery dynamics, and an environmental impact and techno-economic assessment of battery systems for different applications, such as electric vehicles and battery energy storage.The book contains introductory information, with most chapters requiring a solid background in engineering or applied science. Battery industrial companies who want to improve their industrial batteries will also find this book useful.- Includes carefully selected in-text problems, case studies and illustrative examples- Features representative chapter-end problems, along with practical systems and applications- Covers various numerical methods, including those based on CFD and optimization, also including free codes and databases

Chapter 1

Battery technologies

Abstract

Battery industry is dealing with many different cell types, and many other materials are tested each day by different scientists. All the efforts are performed to improve the performance of the cell, but the problem is not very easy. Because there are many different challenges available, many of them conflict to each other. For example, improving cyclic life may increase the cost of the cell. In this chapter, the present state of the battery technology is first investigated. Then the main challenges are discussed in more detail. Finally, some promising technologies are introduced and briefly explained.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) as an environmental management tool, especially in recent decades, has received a special status for helping decision-makers. LCA is the most critical methodological platform for understanding the environmental impact of different production systems. Despite the advantages and uses that LCA have in today's societies, it has great potential for progress. These improvements must be both scientifically accurate and practicable. The ability to quantify in LCA is one of the most critical features of this analysis, and it is worth noting that if extended to the LCSA, this feature is maintained. Although this tool is not able to identify methods, processes, and products with more economical costs, it can detect the option with the lowest load and environmental impact and change the final result. This advantage and increasing the importance of the environment in the choice of the alternative have expanded its use.

Keywords

battery; battery types; future of batteries; life cycle assessment

Chapter Outline

• 1.1 Applications
  • 1.1.1 Miniature batteries
  • 1.1.2 Batteries for portable equipment
  • 1.1.3 SLI batteries (starting lighting & ignition)
  • 1.1.4 Vehicle traction batteries
  • 1.1.5 Stationary batteries
  • 1.1.6 Military & aerospace wide range
• 1.2 Terms and definitions
  • 1.2.1 Capacity
  • 1.2.2 Energy and power
  • 1.2.3 Specific values versus density
  • 1.2.4 State of charge and depth of discharge
  • 1.2.5 Charge efficiency
  • 1.2.6 Side reactions
• 1.3 Battery main challenges
  • 1.3.1 Energy content
  • 1.3.2 Power
  • 1.3.3 Self-discharge
  • 1.3.4 Shelf life
  • 1.3.5 Cyclic life
  • 1.3.6 Memory effect
  • 1.3.7 Maximum charging/discharging current
  • 1.3.8 Charging time
  • 1.3.9 Performance
  • 1.3.10 Safety and reliability
  • 1.3.11 Cost
  • 1.3.12 Recycling
• 1.4 Conventional battery technologies
  • 1.4.1 Lead–acid (LA)
  • 1.4.2 Nickel–cadmium (NiCad)
  • 1.4.3 Nickel–metal hydrate (NiMH)
  • 1.4.4 Lithium-ion (Li-ion)
  • 1.4.5 Metal–air
• 1.5 Future technologies
  • 1.5.1 Advanced Edison Ni–Iron battery
  • 1.5.2 Advanced lead–acid battery
  • 1.5.3 Solid-state lithium-ion
  • 1.5.4 Gold nanowire batteries
  • 1.5.5 Grabat graphene batteries
  • 1.5.6 Sodium-ion batteries
• 1.6 Modeling and simulation
• 1.7 Life cycle assessment
  • 1.7.1 History of LCA
  • 1.7.2 LCA methodologies
    • Goals and scopes
    • Inventory analysis
    • Impact assessment
    • Interpretation
  • 1.7.3 LCA benefits
  • 1.7.4 LCA limitations
  • 1.7.5 Future of LCA
• 1.8 Environmental impact assessment of battery technology
  • 1.8.1 Lithium-ion batteries
  • 1.8.2 Lead–acid batteries
  • 1.8.3 Nickel–metal hydride
  • 1.8.4 Conclusion
• 1.9 Summary
• 1.10 Problems

Literarily, a battery means a system that contains a specific amount of energy. By this definition, a compressed spring, a rock on a mountain, compressed air, elevated water, or any other energy storage system can be considered as a battery. However, in modern technologies, battery is a device that converts chemical energy into electricity using electrochemical reactions.

By means of electrochemical reactions the chemical energy stored in chemical bonds is converted to electrical energy. The electrochemical reactions occur in two different places that are known as electrodes. At one electrode, the active material is oxidized, and a specific amount of electrons is produced. At the other electrode, the produced electrons are consumed, and the active material is reduced. Hence an electrochemical battery consists of a pair of oxidation/reduction reactions. Since the overall reaction of a battery is through the electrochemical reactions that are normally taking place in low temperatures, the efficiency of these devices is higher than a direct combination of the active materials. Consequently, batteries are categorized as medium-quality devices or converters.

The present state of technology strongly depends on the improvement of electrochemical batteries. In ma...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Chapter 1: Battery technologies
• Chapter 2: Fundamentals of batteries
• Chapter 3: Fundamental governing equations
• Chapter 4: Heat sources
• Chapter 5: Simulation of batteries
• Chapter 6: Lead–acid batteries
• Chapter 7: Zinc–silver oxide batteries
• Chapter 8: Lithium-based batteries
• Chapter 9: Techno-economic assessment of battery systems
• Appendix A: Experimental tests for lead–acid batteries
• Appendix B: Experimental test for zinc–silveroxide batteries
• Appendix C: Experimental tests for lithium batteries
• Appendix D: Finite volume method
• Appendix E: SIMPLE algorithm
• Appendix F: Keller–Box method
• References
• Index