Neurological Modulation of Sleep

Mechanisms and Function of Sleep Health

Ronald Ross Watson, Victor R Preedy, Ronald Ross Watson, Victor R. Preedy

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2020
• ISBN:
  9780128166598
• Topic: Psychologie
• Subtopic: Neuropsychologie

Neurological Modulation of Sleep provides readers with updated scientific reviews regarding the interaction between sleep and contributing factors, with special attention paid to the potential for neurological modulation of sleep via diet. This book expands the notion of diet and adds an element of physical activity and exercise as well as a chapter on caffeine and its effects on sleep. With 30+ international contributors, this book aims to provide readers with a unique global perspective on the role these factors plays in sleep architecture and its regulation by circadian biology and neurology.

Sleep disorders have become an increasing problem plaguing more than 70 million Americans according to the American Sleep Association. There is a clear association between sleep disorder and a wide range of other human disorders –performance deficiencies, psychiatric illnesses, heart disease, obesity and more – but in spite of this there is not yet a convenient overview on the market detailing the impact of obesity, age, diabetes and diet on sleep duration and attendant health outcomes.

• Describes the impact of diet, caffeine and physical activity on sleep
• Reviews the neurology and metabolism of sleep
• Identifies what foods impact sleep and how
• Discusses the clinical use of nutraceuticals to improve sleep

Section A

Introduction and background of sleep disruption

Outline

Chapter 1. Physiological and Cultural Perspectives of Sleep Disorders' Impacts in Middle East Countries

Chapter 2. Chronotype and Performance in Students

Chapter 3. Circadian Changes in Gut Peptide Levels and Obesity

Chapter 4. Obesity, Inflammation, and OSA: Exercise as Therapy

Chapter 5. Genetics of Sleep and Sleep Disorders

Chapter 6. Sleep, Genetics, and Human Health

Chapter 7. Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome

Chapter 8. Sleep Satisfaction, Sleep–Wake Pattern, and Aging

Chapter 9. Etiopathogenesis of Circadian Sleep–Wake Rhythm Disorders

Chapter 1

Physiological and Cultural Perspectives of Sleep Disorders' Impacts in Middle East Countries

Deldar Morad Abdulah ^{a , b} Adult Nursing Department, College of Nursing, University of Duhok, Duhok, Kurdistan, Iraq

Abstract

The adequate sleeping has been documented to be essential for psychological well-being and cognitive processes. Sleep disturbances can have serious negative effects on a person's ability, function, and overall well-being. In the present chapter, the sleep disorders, patterns, and their impacts in terms of physiological and cultural perspectives in Middle Eastern people were reviewed in an intensive way. The sleep disorders are rising in frequency and morbidity in Middle East countries as reported in the literature. Students, patients with chronic diseases, and family caregivers have worse sleep conditions. The school children require the especial and suitable interventions to relieve the effects of sleep disorders on academic performance, daily living, and daytime sleepiness. The sleep interventions have been less performed to affected persons by sleep disorders in this region. In addition, sleep clinics and sleep medicine education have poorly been established in medical schools in Middle East countries.

Keywords

Daytime sleepiness; Education; Impact; Performance; Sleep; Sleep hygiene

Abbreviations

AHI Apnea–hypopnea index

BDI Beck depression inventory

BMI Body mass index

CBI Caregiver burden inventory

CBT Cognitive behavioral therapy

CD Compact disc

DTS Daytime sleeping

ESRD End-stage renal disease

FCs Family caregivers

GPA Grade point average

HD Hemodialysis

HrQoL Health-related quality of life

IBS Irritable bowel syndrome

ICU Intensive care unit

KSA Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

LA Left atrial

MCS Mental component summary

NICU Neonatal intensive care unit

OSAHS Obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome

PCS Physical component summary

PHC Primary health center

PMR Progressive muscle relaxation

PSQ Poor sleep quality

PSQI Pittsburgh sleep quality index

RLS/PLMD Restless leg/period/periodic limb movement disorder

RTCs Road traffic collisions

T2DM Type-2 diabetes mellitus

TSD Total sleep duration

UAE United Arab Emirates

Introduction

The adequate sleeping had been documented to be essential for psychological well-being, cognitive processes, ^1,2 and a wide number of adaptive cognitive and behaviors functions. ^3–6 Sleep is a vital element for the general health of humans. The regular and sufficient sleep has been shown to be beneficial for human physiology in a number of various routes, from memory consolidation ⁷ to free radical removal, ⁸ and neurotoxic waste. ⁹

Prevalence of Sleep Disorders in Middle East Countries

Piro and Alhakem et al. ¹⁰ determined a broad range of sleep disorders in a random sample of medical students in a large university in Iraqi Kurdistan. They found that more than seventy percent (75.2%) of the students had no sufficient sleeping hours/24 h (<8 h/24 h). The prevalence of various sleep disorders was 13.6% (sleep apnea), 25.0 (insomnia), 14.6% (affective disorders), 1.3 (narcolepsy), 30.7% (restless leg/period/periodic limb movement disorder- RLS/PLMD), 19.6% (circadian rhythm), 5.7% (sleepwalking), 6.6% (nightmares), 0.6% (sleep state misconception), hypersomnia (0.0%), and 52.2% (all sleep disorders or at least one sleep disorder). The sleep disorders did not differ substantially between male and female students.

They found a high percentage of RLS/PLMD in the sample size (30.7%). This rate is so higher than its rate in the literature that is between 5% and 15% in the general population. ¹¹ It is so higher than its prevalence in Saudi school employees which is 8.4% ¹² and 5–15% in American and European populations. ^13–15 The authors mentioned the possible reasons for the high rate of RLS/PLMD in this region: (a) geographic/demographic discrepancies, (b) different diagnostic criteria of RLS /PLMD, (c) secondary role of the sleep disorder, (d) founder effect of sleep disorders owing to ethnicity homogeneity, and (e) its correlation with insomnia and increased sleepiness. ¹⁶ In addition, (f) RLS development at younger ages (≤35 years) and family history in subjects with idiopathic type. ¹⁷

Vats and Mahboub et al. ¹⁸ reviewed the obesity and sleep-related breathing disorders in the Middle East. They recognized that the obesity and its consequent sleep-related breathing disorders are rising in the region, including United Arab Emirates (UAE), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, and Oman. The study published by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine reported that Kuwait has the second most obese men in the world. ¹⁹ A study conducted in a primary health center (PHC) setting in Dubai that estimated the prevalence of symptom and risk of obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) found that 20.9% of patients who attended the clinic were ...