Micro-nanoelectronics Devices

Modeling of Diffusion and Operation Processes

Christian Gontrand

• Publisher: ISTE Press - Elsevier
• Year: 2018
• Print ISBN: 9781785482823
• eBook ISBN: 9780081026731
• Topic: Tecnología e ingeniería
• Subtopic: Ciencias de los materiales

Micro-nanoelectronics Devices: Modeling of Diffusion and Operation Processes concentrates on the modeling of diffusion processes and the behavior of modern integrated components, from material, to architecture. It goes through the process, the device and the circuit regarding today's widely discussed nano-electronics, both from an industry perspective and that of public entities.- Seeks to provide the core of modeling in micro (nano) electronics- Introduces the equations underlying the modelizations and, ultimately, the related simulations- Proposes what modifications should be made with respect to modeling

1

Introduction and Reminders

Keywords

Bipolar schematics; Charge-coupled device; Computers; Integrated circuits; Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor; Microelectronics; PN junction; Technological computer-aided design; Transistor effect

1.1 A brief history of microelectronics

1.1.1 Electricity: Ampère, Coulomb, Faraday, Gauss, Henry, Kirchhoff, Maxwell, Ohm

1826	Ohm’s law (Georg Simon).
1837	S. Morse (New York): invention of the telegraph using binary signals (dots and dashes); also W. Thomson and C. Wheatstone (Playfair cipher: an encryption technique).
1876	Bell: invention of the telephone.
1877	Edison: development of the phonograph (disk: first ROM).
1865	J.C. Maxwell: formulation of electromagnetic theory. Hertz: production of electromagnetic waves in a laboratory.
1996	Marconi: development of the wireless telephone using Hertzian waves (km).

1.1.2 Vacuum tube

1895	H.A. Lorentz: theory of electrons (Greek: amber); discrete charges.
1897	J.J. Thomson: experiment conducted to account for the existence of electrons.
1897	Braun: development of the cathode ray tube and the first electronic tube.
1904	Ambrose Fleming: invention of the diode (tube) detector.
1905	Albert Einstein, Lorentz, Henri Poincaré: special relativity and unifying electromagnetism.
1906	Pickard: development of the cat’s-whisker detector using a silicon (Si) crystal, which was not very reliable because of the tips.
1906	Lee de Forest: invention of the Audion triode (diode + grid: forerunner of the transistor), the first controlled source.

1.1.3 Early applications

1911	The triode was reliable (cathode covered by an oxide coat + excess vacuum). Telephony, radio communications.
1917	The IRE (Institute of Radio Engineers) was set up.
1884	AIEE (American Institute of Electrical Engineers).
1906	AIEE + IRE: IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). Diodes and triodes.
1912	Armstrong: cascading a negative-feedback amplifier. Lee de Forest: development of the oscillator.
1917	Armstrong: development of the heterodyne receiver (see translation of frequency).
1918	Eccles–Jordan: invention of multivibrators. Cascading positive-reaction amplification + heterodyne: detection of weak signals.
1930	Armstrong: development of frequency modulation, before amplitude modulation (AM).
1930	B&W television.
1950	Color television.
1942	Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging). Hyper frequencies/Klystron Magnetron.

1.1.4 Computers (transistors–trans-resistors + integrated circuits (IC))

1633	Wilhelm Schickard: invention of mechanical calculator, with wheels having varying numbers of spokes.
1943	Blaise Pascal.
1931	Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.
1883	Babbage: invention of the “Analytical Machine” using perforated cards (see 1853; Jacquard) to record programs.
1930	Aiken: invention of the “Harvard Mark I”, the automatic calculator with programmed sequences (about 17 m * 3 m).
1936	Alan Turing: general principles of automatic state machines.
1945	IBM (Industrial Business Machines): introduction of the 603 (comm...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Preface
• 1: Introduction and Reminders
• 2: Modeling of Diffusion Processes
• 3: Electrical Functioning of Devices
• 4: Background Noise in Micro-and Nanoelectronics
• Bibliography
• Index