Internet of Things

Technologies and Applications for a New Age of Intelligence

Vlasios Tsiatsis,Stamatis Karnouskos,Jan Holler,David Boyle,Catherine Mulligan

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2018
• ISBN:
  9780128144367
• Edition: 2
• Topic: Technologie et ingénierie
• Subtopic: Ingénierie de l'électricité et des télécommunications

Internet of Things: Technologies and Applications for a New Age of Intelligence outlines the background and overall vision for the Internet of Things (IoT) and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), as well as associated emerging technologies. Key technologies are described including device communication and interactions, connectivity of devices to cloud-based infrastructures, distributed and edge computing, data collection, and methods to derive information and knowledge from connected devices and systems using artificial intelligence and machine learning. Also included are system architectures and ways to integrate these with enterprise architectures, and considerations on potential business impacts and regulatory requirements.

New to this edition: • Updated material on current market situation and outlook.• A description of the latest developments of standards, alliances, and consortia. More specifically the creation of the Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC) and its architecture and reference documents, the creation of the Reference Architectural Model for Industrie 4.0 (RAMI 4.0), the exponential growth of the number of working groups in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the transformation of the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) to OMA SpecWorks and the introduction of OMA LightweightM2M device management and service enablement protocol, the initial steps in the specification of the architecture of Web of Things (WoT) by World Wide Consortium (W3C), the GS1 architecture and standards, the transformation of ETSI-M2M to oneM2M, and a few key facts about the Open Connectivity Forum (OCF), IEEE, IEC/ISO, AIOTI, and NIST CPS.• The emergence of new technologies such as distributed ledgers, distributed cloud and edge computing, and the use of machine learning and artificial intelligence for IoT.• A chapter on security, outlining the basic principles for secure IoT installations.• New use case description material on Logistics, Autonomous Vehicles, and Systems of CPS

• Standards organizations covered: IEEE, 3GPP, IETF, IEC/ISO, Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC), ITU-T, GS1, Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), Open Mobile Alliance (OMA, e.g. LightweightM2M), Object Management Group (OMG, e.g. Business Process Modelling Notation (BPMN)), oneM2M, Open Connectivity Forum (OCF), W3C
• Key technologies for IoT covered: Embedded systems hardware and software, devices and gateways, capillary networks, local and wide area networking, IoT data management and data warehousing, data analytics and big data, complex event processing and stream analytics, control systems, machine learning and artificial intelligence, distributed cloud and edge computing, and business process and enterprise integration
• In-depth security solutions for IoT systems
• Technical explanations combined with design features of IoT and use cases, which help the development of real-world solutions
• Detailed descriptions of the architectures and technologies that form the basis of IoT
• Clear examples of IoT use cases from real-world implementations such as Smart Grid, Smart Buildings, Smart Cities, Logistics and Participatory Sensing, Industrial Automation, and Systems of CPS
• Market perspectives, IoT evolution, and future outlook

Part 1

The Evolving IoT Landscape

Outline

Introduction

Chapter 1. Why the Internet of Things?

Chapter 2. Origins and IoT Landscape

Chapter 3. IoT – A Business Perspective

Chapter 4. An Architecture Perspective

Introduction

Part 1 of this book provides an overview of the vision and market conditions for the Internet of Things (IoT). Here we discuss the global context within which IoT exists and the business and technical drivers at work in both technology and industry. This part also provides the basics of the IoT-Architecture and the principles behind them, preparing the reader for Part 2, which outlines in detail an architecture reference model for IoT.

Chapter 1

Why the Internet of Things?

Abstract

This chapter provides an overview of the market and technical drivers for the Internet of Things as a motivation for the book.

Keywords

transformation; market size; market potential; connected devices; forecast

This book provides a thorough overview for anyone wishing to learn about the technology aspects of the Internet of Things (IoT), and how IoT solutions are being implemented and deployed in various industries and in society at large. This chapter provides a brief introduction to the necessary bigger picture of IoT and the topics covered.

Since the inception of the Internet and its inflection point back in the 1980s, and followed by the introduction of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s, the Internet and the Web have redefined a number of businesses such as media, travel, retail, and finance. For instance, the music industry moved from analog to digital encoding of audio, and once digital, the Internet became a natural distribution channel for music. This resulted in a fundamental transformation of an entire industry that moved from selling tangible products, i.e., vinyl records and compact discs, to selling intangible products, like mp3-encoded music files, and then later to a subscription model based on streaming of music from actors like Spotify and Apple Music. The implication was a complete change in how music was distributed, sold, and enjoyed, which effectively led to the collapse and simplification of the music industry value chain as well as the underlying business model. Today, the Internet provides the complete means for producing, distributing, marketing, and consuming music. From a consumer as well as a business-to-business perspective, the travel industry is similarly transformed and integrated with how booking services, e.g., combined travel and accommodation, are provided. The same can also be seen in retail with online shopping as a global phenomenon with Amazon and Alibaba as prime examples. The IoT is another such wave of fundamental transformation that is redefining business processes and practices across a number of different industry and society sectors, like energy, manufacturing, transportation, and healthcare. What is different with IoT is that it adds the dimension of the real world of machines, things, and spaces as first class citizens to the existing Internet by embedding sensors to capture physical properties, and actuators to control their states. IoT is in essence about enabling intelligent operations involving real-world assets and machines, whether they are in the consumer, enterprise or industry domains. Intelligent operations are about using software to gather insights about the real world and to automate processes for transformational outcomes of different kinds.

The World Economic Forum (WEF) has studied the industrial aspects and implications of IoT and outlined [3] how the Industrial IoT is transformative. It will have an impact on competition and how industry borders will change and it will create new business opportunities including the emergence of new disruptive companies just as the Internet to date has done so. WEF has identified that the key business opportunities are to be found in four areas. Firstly, it is about significant improvements in operational efficiencies, such as resource utilization and improved equipment uptime via remote management, and predictive maintenance of assets, i.e., to be able to predict and schedule when machine servicing is needed. Secondly, it is the emergence of an outcome economy, which implies that businesses will increasingly shift from selling products to selling the value their customers expect from the products. Thirdly, ecosystems will be connected using software platforms that enable online collaboration based on the exchange of data and information, which then become tradeable assets. This will further increase customer value and efficiency and scale in its delivery. Lastly, it will also enable new means for collaboration between people and machines, to augment workers, increase safety and efficiency, and also hopefully make work more engaging and inspiring.

To understand the potential and impact IoT can have, McKinsey Global Institute studied the economic reach of IoT solutions across a number of different settings [4]. The study estimated the total potential economic impact of IoT to be in the range of 3.9–11.1 trillion US dollars per year in 2025. This can be compared to the World Bank projected global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of 99.5 trillion US dollars in 2025, i.e., IoT could have a potential about as high as 11 percent of the total world economy. Note that this value is the estimated economic transformative impact IoT can have and does not represent the value of revenue from sales of IoT products, solutions or services.

The settings in the McKinsey study include IoT use in different environments essentially representing physical spaces, such as worksites and homes, rather than in various vertical markets, for example, consumer electronics or automotive. Nine different settings were defined, each with its own estimated range of economic impact. The potential value across the different settings is illustrated in Figure 1.1. The chart is based on the median value per setting as the range varies across the settings.

Figure 1.1 The economic potential of IoT across different settings.

In order to provide a high-level understanding what type of opportunities these settings contain, the following is a summary of some key objectives and application examples per setting. The interested reader is recommended to consult [4] for more details.

• • Human. This represents devices attached to or inside the human body, e.g., wearables and ingestibles. Applications include human health and fitness, monitoring and treatment of illness, increasing wellness, and proactive lifestyle management. This setting also includes increased human productivity using, e.g., augmented reality to assist in tasks, as well as the use of sensors and cameras for skills training. Human health and safety when working in hazardous environments is yet another application example of this setting.
• • Home. This setting is about buildings where people live. Home-based IoT applications include automation of domestic chores and energy management, as well as security and safety. These are applications with a direct benefit to consumers, but also with benefits to other stakeholders, such as utility companies.
• • Retail. This setting includes the spaces where consumers engage in commerce and is not only related to products but also to services. The spaces included are stores and showrooms with a focus on products, as well as spaces where services are purchased, like banks, restaurants, and various arenas. It includes applications like self and automated checkouts, in-store offers, and inventory optimization.
• • Offices. Offices are defined as spaces where knowledge workers work. Similar to the home setting, energy and work environment management, as well as security, are typical applications. Another area is the increase of human productivity and performance, including for mobile workers.
• • Factories. Factories are here defined as standardized production environments. Factories include discrete manufacturing and process industry plants. It is broadly defined also to include other sites where repetitive work routines apply, for instance, farms in agriculture or hospitals. Examples of applications in the factories setting include condition-based maintenance of equipment and automated quality monitoring. Other applications include the autonomous operation of parts of a process, e.g., robot manufacturing of components or irrigation in agriculture, and also optimization of a supply chain of materials.
• • Worksites. This setting covers custom production environments where each site is unique and no two projects are the same in terms of streamlining operations. An example domain is natural resource extraction, such as mining, oil, and gas. Another is a construction site. Common characteristics include a constantly changing and many times unpredictable environment. Usually, operations involve costly and complex machinery, such as drill rigs and giant haulers. Again, applications target Predictive Maintenance of expensive machines to ensure high utilization, operations optimization, and worker safety. Increasing in importance is also sustainability and minimizing environmental impacts.
• • Vehicles. The Vehicles setting includes vehicles on the road, rail, and sea and in the air and focuses on the value of using IoT in, to, and between the vehicles themselves. Example applications include autonomous vehicles, remote diagnostics for planned servicing, and also the monitoring of the behavior and usage of a vehicle in order to aid in the vehicle development and design process.
• • Cities. A city is an urban environment that is a combination of public spaces and different infrastructures, e.g., for energy, water, and transportation. Large densely populated areas require smooth operations of transportation of people and goods, efficient use of resources, and ensuring a healthy and safe environment. The “smart city” is hence opportunity-rich in a variety of IoT applications that require sensing, actuation, and intelligent operations.
• • Outside. This final setting is about IoT usage outside urban environments and the other settings. A prime example is logistics of produced goods in both supply chain and online retail where track and trace is a key IoT application. The second major application in this setting is autonomous passenger vehicles outside the urban setting, whether on rail, on road, on sea or in the air.

It must be noted that the mentioned value capture and creation in part require that a set of barriers are over...