The Circuit Designer's Companion

Peter Wilson

• Publisher: Newnes
• Year: 2017
• Print ISBN: 9780081017647
• eBook ISBN: 9780081017654
• Edition: 4
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications
• Index: Technology & Engineering

The fourth edition of this classic work on circuit design gives you the understanding and practical know-how to produce optimized, reliable, cost-effective electronic circuits. It bridges the gap between the theoretical learning that most university courses provide and the practical knowledge and application that comes from years of experience. Topics covered include analog and digital circuits, component types, power supplies and printed circuit board design, plus new coverage of the latest advances in electronics since the previous edition published.The Circuit Designer's Companion is ideal for Professional electronics design engineers, advanced amateur electronics designers, electronic engineering students and professors looking for a book with a real-world design outlook.Updated with new material on: - Extreme Environment Design- Design for Reliability- Wide Band Gap Devices for Power Electronics- Provides an invaluable companion for circuit designers and practicing electronics engineers that includes best practices- Includes practical, real-world considerations for components, PCBs, manufacturability, reliability and cost- Contains new material on design tools, high-speed circuits, variability and tolerances, noise, simulation methods and testing

Chapter 1

Grounding and Wiring

Abstract

A fundamental property of any electronic or electrical circuit is that the voltages present within it are referenced to a common point, conventionally called the ground. This term is derived from electrical engineering practice, when the reference point is often taken to a copper spike literally driven into the ground. This chapter describes the strategies that can be adopted for effective grounding to mitigate any potential electromagnetic compatibility issues, reduce noise, and improve circuit performance.

Keywords

Cross talk; Equipment wire; Grounding; Power cables; Single-point chassis ground; Twisted pair

Chapter Outline

1.1 Grounding

When to Consider Grounding?

1.1.1 Grounding Within One Unit

1.1.2 Chassis Ground

1.1.3 The Conductivity of Aluminum

Other Materials

1.1.4 Ground Loops

1.1.5 Power Supply Returns

Varying Loads

Power Rail Feed

Conductor Impedance

1.1.6 Input Signal Ground

Connection to 0 V Elsewhere on the Printed Circuit Board

Connection to 0 V Within the Unit

External Ground Connection

1.1.7 Output Signal Ground

Avoiding the Common Impedance

1.1.8 Interboard Interface Signals

Partitioning the Signal Return

1.1.9 Star-Point Grounding

1.1.10 Ground Connections Between Units

Breaking the Ground Link

1.1.11 Shielding

Which End to Ground for Low-Frequency Shielding?

Electrostatic Screening

Surface Transfer Impedance

1.1.12 The Safety Earth

1.2 Wiring and Cables

1.2.1 Wire Types

Wire Inductance

Equipment Wire

Wire-Wrap Wire

1.2.2 Cable Types

1.2.3 Power Cables

1.2.4 Data and Multicore Cables

Data Communication Cables

Structured Data Cable

Shielding and Microphony

1.2.5 Radio Frequency Cables

1.2.6 Twisted Pair

1.2.7 Cross Talk

Digital Cross Talk

1.3 Transmission Lines

Transmission Line Effects

Critical Lengths for Pulses

1.3.1 Characteristic Impedance

1.3.2 Time Domain

Forward and Reflected Waves

Ringing

The Bergeron Diagram

The Uses of Mismatching

1.3.3 Frequency Domain

Standing Wave Distribution Versus Frequency

Impedance Transformation

Lossy Lines

Understanding the Transmission Line Impedance Graphically

1.1. Grounding

A fundamental property of any electronic or electrical circuit is that the voltages present within it are referenced to a common point, conventionally called the ground. This term is derived from electrical engineering practice, when the reference point is often taken to a copper spike literally driven into the ground. This point may also be a connection point for the power to the circuit, and it is then called the 0-V (nought-volt) rail, and ground and 0 V are frequently (and confusingly) synonymous. Then, when we talk about a 5-V supply or a −12-V supply or a 2.5-V reference, each of these is referred to the 0 V rail.

At the same time, ground is not the same as 0 V. A ground wire connects equipment to earth for safety reasons and does not carry a current in normal operation. However, in this chapter the word “grounding” will be used in its usual sense, to include both safety earths and signal and power return paths.

Perhaps the greatest single cause of problems in electronic circuits is that 0 V and ground are taken for granted. The fact is that in a working circuit there can only ever be one point which is truly at 0 V; the concept of a ...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Grounding and Wiring
• Chapter 2. Printed Circuits
• Chapter 3. Passive Components
• Chapter 4. Active Components
• Chapter 5. Analog Integrated Circuits
• Chapter 6. Digital Circuits
• Chapter 7. Power Supplies
• Chapter 8. Electromagnetic Compatibility
• Chapter 9. General Product Design
• Appendix: Standards
• Bibliography
• Index