Solidification and Solid-State Transformations of Metals and Alloys

Maria Jose Quintana Hernandez, Jose Antonio Pero-Sanz, Luis Felipe Verdeja

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2017
• Print ISBN: 9780128126073
• eBook ISBN: 9780128126080
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Materials Science
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Solidification and Solid-State Transformations of Metals and Alloys describes solidification and the industrial problems presented when manufacturing structural parts by casting, or semi-products for forging, in order to obtain large, flat or specifically shaped parts. Solidification follows the nucleation and growth model, which will also be applied in solid-state transformations, such as those taking place because of changes in solubility and allotropy or changes produced by recrystallization. It also explains the heat treatments that, through controlled heating, holding and cooling, allow the metals to have specific structures and properties. It also describes the correct interpretation of phase diagrams so the reader can comprehend the behaviour of iron, aluminium, copper, lead, tin, nickel, titanium, etc. and the alloys between them or with other metallic or metalloid elements.This book can be used by graduate and undergraduate students, as well as physicists, chemists and engineers who wish to study the subject of Metallic Materials and Physical Metallurgy, specifically industrial applications where casting of metals and alloys, as well as heat treatments are relevant to the quality assurance of manufacturing processes. It will be especially useful for readers with little to no knowledge on the subject, and who are looking for a book that addresses the fundamentals of manufacturing, treatment and properties of metals and alloys.- Uses theoretical formulas to obtain realistic data from industrial operations- Includes detailed explanations of chemical, physical and thermodynamic phenomena to allow for a more accessible approach that will appeal to a wider audience- Utilizes micrographs to illustrate and demonstrate different solidification and transformation processes

Chapter 1

Solidification of Metals

Abstract

The characteristics of metallic atoms are explained together with their behavior from the gaseous to the solid states, from a thermodynamic point of view. Crystalline systems and calculations related to packaging, volume change, and lattice during solidification are analyzed. The phenomenon of solidification of a metal is explained using thermodynamics of bonding during cooling and its resulting crystalline structure and grain microstructure are presented in a general fashion. Finally, the stiffness of the atomic bond is analyzed as a function of temperature and the relationship between melting point, heat treatments, and deformation temperatures are explained.

Keywords

Metallic bond; Crystalline systems; Melting temperature; Packaging; Solidification free energy

1.1 Metals

The main difference between metals and nonmetals lies in the number of electrons in the external orbit of the atoms: metals have a lower number of electrons which are easily released in order to form complete and stable orbits.

Table 1.1 shows the electronegativity of metals, calculated as the energy necessary for an atom to attract an electron u...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Endorsement
• About the Authors
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Chapter 1: Solidification of Metals
• Chapter 2: Phase Transformation Kinetics
• Chapter 3: Total Insolubility and Solubility in Alloys
• Chapter 4: Invariant Solidification
• Chapter 5: Nonequilibrium Solidification and Chemical Heterogeneities
• Chapter 6: Physical Heterogeneities in Solidification
• Chapter 7: Equilibrium Transformations
• Chapter 8: Solid-State Transformations in the Fe-C System
• Chapter 9: Ternary Systems
• Index