Smart Cities Cybersecurity and Privacy

Danda B. Rawat, Kayhan Zrar Ghafoor

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2018
• Print ISBN: 9780128150320
• eBook ISBN: 9780128150337
• Topic: Computer Science
• Subtopic: Cyber Security
• Index: Computer Science

Smart Cities Cybersecurity and Privacy examines the latest research developments and their outcomes for safe, secure, and trusting smart cities residents.Smart cities improve the quality of life of citizens in their energy and water usage, healthcare, environmental impact, transportation needs, and many other critical city services. Recent advances in hardware and software, have fueled the rapid growth and deployment of ubiquitous connectivity between a city's physical and cyber components. This connectivity however also opens up many security vulnerabilities that must be mitigated.Smart Cities Cybersecurity and Privacy helps researchers, engineers, and city planners develop adaptive, robust, scalable, and reliable security and privacy smart city applications that can mitigate the negative implications associated with cyber-attacks and potential privacy invasion. It provides insights into networking and security architectures, designs, and models for the secure operation of smart city applications.- Consolidates in one place state-of-the-art academic and industry research- Provides a holistic and systematic framework for design, evaluating, and deploying the latest security solutions for smart cities- Improves understanding and collaboration among all smart city stakeholders to develop more secure smart city architectures

Chapter 1

The New Era of Smart Cities, From the Perspective of the Internet of Things

Amardeep Das⁎; Sumanta Chandra Mishra Sharma⁎; Bikram Kesari Ratha^{† ⁎} C.V. Raman College of Engineering, Bhubaneswar, India
^† Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India

Abstract

Ideas about smart cities have evolved in the past 20 years, with the advancement of information and communication technology. A smart city is a new platform that integrates communication technology and the Internet of Things (IoT) in a secure way to manage urban development. The digital city was the first smart city project, introduced in 1994. The assets of a smart city include public healthcare, education, transportation, and administration services. A smart city is promoted to use urban informatics and technology to improve the efficiency of services.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of devices that are connected and communicating with each other to perform certain tasks, without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. The Internet of Things is about installing sensors (RFID, IR, GPS, laser scanners, etc.) for everything, and connecting them to the Internet through specific protocols for information exchange and communications, in order to achieve intelligent recognition, location, tracking, monitoring, and management. With technical support from the IoT, a smart city needs to be instrumented, interconnected, and intelligent.

Keywords:

Smart city; IoT; ICT; RFID

1 Introduction

It is difficult to find the proper meaning of “smart” from the perspective of information and communication technology (ICT). This term is trendy in the global market, and is considered anything that is new and intelligent. The term “smart” has lots of synonyms, including acute, clever, astute, perspicacious, and so forth. However, when smart is associated with devices, it means efficient and knowledgeable. The word “smart” refers to thoughts that offer intelligent insights, but nowadays it has been adopted in developing cities with smart tools. With the application of smart technology, an overall growth has been seen in population, economy, and the efficiency of city life.

Similar to “smart,” it is tough to find a unique definition for the term “city.” It depends on the experience and considerations of individuals to specify a meaning and identify the properties that a locality should satisfy to become a city. In general, a city is a well-thought-out urban area where the population density depends upon the geographical region or countries to which it belongs. As per the UN world urbanization report, it is expected that around 67% of the world's population will be in urban areas in 2050. When the populations exceed 1.5 million, the cities will be considered megacities.

There are some global or international cities that influence and invite peoples from outside the nation, or even from all over the world. Most of the time, these cities compete with each other for resources [2]. An alternative analytic explanation says that the “city is an urban community falling under a specific administrative boundary” [3, 4].

Apart from their size and importance, cities can also be classified as new and existing, based on their urban growth and establishment. New cities come into existence to satisfy economic growth of the country. Some researchers suggested that a city is a complex system that includes physical (building, bridges, etc.) and social (people, institutions, etc.) components for society's development [5]. Some researchers described the physical component as a hard component, and the social component as a soft component of development [2, 6].

If we want to find the meaning of “smart city,” then we can say that it is the combination of “smart” and “city.” It can be represented as an urban area that uses smart systems to make day-to-day life easier. Here, smartness of the city defines the capability to combine all its resources, to successfully and flawlessly attain the goals, and achieve the purposes that have been set before [4]. However, if somebody looks for a perfect definition for smart city, he or she will fail to find it, and instead, will find many substitutes that result in an uncertain meaning.

2 Evolution of the Smart City

The phrase “smart city” was coined in the early 1990s to illustrate the use of technology and innovation in urban development [1]. More precisely, it can be stated that in the 1990s, researchers examined cities and their ongoing IT projects from different viewpoints, and using slightly different terms, described IT and communication-based project initiation in urban spaces (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1 Smart city evolution timeline.

The smart city evolved into a digital city in 1994 in Amsterdam. In 1997, it was claimed that there were 2000 virtual urban areas in the world [7]. These virtual cities introduced a local ICT network, which permitted the growth of local cyber-based (virtual) communities. These virtual urban areas were treated as electronic and web-based representations of the real urban areas, and were housed with the help of the world wide web (WWW).

Virtual cities were treated as the first effort to make use of the Internet to support native democracy, and allowed urban promotion, Internet-based municipal operation, and social development within cities. However, a deficiency of citizen feedback was documented.

After the introduction of the virtual city, the virtual community came into existence in 1998 [8]. The virtual community enables communication between individuals through shared norms. This virtual community network had a narrow scope of digitalization, because it was associated with a community. People outside the community had no direct access to the community network.

The facts discussed herein show that virtual and digital cities intended to form communities using ICT to socialize residents, to digitalize local government policy, and to make use of virtual space to remove the barrier of public space. By this perspective, the Internet, in collaboration with the city system and the WWW, was used to build up city websites that present substitute smart services, including information rescue, and official and general communication. These two smart city approaches pretend the metropolitan spaces are either a connected communities, or two/three dimensional virtual spaces.

In 1999, the first smart city concept was considered in Dubai [9]. Another well-known digital city system was Kyoto [10], which was developed in 1998, and resulted in 2D and 3D spaces, where inhabitant communications were collected with sensors, and their behavior was animated.

The digital city model became identical to an information city, which was understood as a metropolitan location where the ICT is the key driver to deliver innovative online services [11]. The idea of an information city later evolved into the ubiquitous city, where data is available through implanted urban communications [12]. The intelligent city focuses on the c...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contributors
• About the Editors
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• Chapter 1: The New Era of Smart Cities, From the Perspective of the Internet of Things
• Chapter 2: Community-Based Security for the Internet of Things
• Chapter 3: Blockchain-Based Security and Privacy in Smart Cities
• Chapter 4: Privacy-Aware Physical Layer Security Techniques for Smart Cities
• Chapter 5: Crowdsensing and Privacy in Smart City Applications
• Chapter 6: Privacy Preservation in Smart Cities
• Chapter 7: Privacy and Security Aspects of E-Government in Smart Cities
• Chapter 8: Big Data in Cybersecurity for Smart City Applications
• Chapter 9: Free Public Wi-Fi Security in a Smart City Context—An End User Perspective
• Chapter 10: Techniques for Privacy Preserving Data Publication in the Cloud for Smart City Applications
• Chapter 11: Security in Smart Cyber-Physical Systems: A Case Study on Smart Grids and Smart Cars
• Chapter 12: Priority-Based and Privacy-Preserving Electric Vehicle Dynamic Charging System With Divisible E-Payment
• Chapter 13: Secure IoT Structural Design for Smart Homes
• Chapter 14: Outlier Discrimination and Correction in Intelligent Transportation Systems
• Chapter 15: Secure Data Dissemination for Smart Transportation Systems
• Chapter 16: Connected Cars: Automotive Cybersecurity and Privacy for Smart Cities
• Chapter 17: Fraud Detection Model Based on Multi-Verse Features Extraction Approach for Smart City Applications
• Chapter 18: Privacy Preserving Data Utility Mining Architecture
• Chapter 19: Smart Megaprojects in Smart Cities, Dimensions, and Challenges
• Index