Illustrated Toxicology

With Study Questions

P.K. Gupta, PK Gupta

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2018
• Print ISBN: 9780128132135
• eBook ISBN: 9780128132142
• Topic: Medicine
• Subtopic: Toxicology

Illustrated Toxicology: With Study Questions is an essential, practical resource for self-study and guidance catering to a broad spectrum of students. This book covers a range of core toxicological areas, including pesticides, radioactive materials and poisonous plants, also presenting a section on veterinary toxicology. Across 16 chapters, the book presents key concepts with the aid of over 250 detailed, full-color illustrations. Each section is supplemented with practical exercises to support active learning. This combination of clear illustrations and sample testing will help readers gain a deeper understanding of toxicology.This book is useful for toxicology, pharmacy, medical and veterinary students, and also serves as a refresher for academics and professionals in the field, including clinical pharmacists, forensic toxicologists, environmentalists and veterinarians.- Includes comprehensive coverage of key toxicological concepts for study and revision- Provides a visual learning aid with over 250 full-color illustrations- Enhances understanding and memory retention of core concepts with the use of practical exercises

Chapter 1

General toxicology

Abstract

This chapters deals with definitions, classification, historical personalities, growth of science of toxicology, toxic responses based on the different principles and natural laws in toxicology that may vary according to diet, species, breed, and physio-pathological factors, or the previous or concomitant exposure to several foreign compounds. The text of the chapter is in the format of questions and answers supported with explanations, custom-made illustrations, images, and tables. At the end of the chapter several exercises that cover short question and answers, multiple choice questions and answers, fill in the blanks, true and false, and matching of statements related to principles of toxicology and their toxic effects on animal and human being have been included. In addition, the chapter also covers problems of understanding the hazards and risks associated with unintentional or coincidental exposures to chemicals including identification of hazards and risks which is a complex one with multiple uncertainties.

Keywords

Historical personalities; questions and answers; definitions; principles of toxicology; factors affecting toxicity; classification; time action curves; dose–responses; interactions; receptors; hazards; risk assessment; toxicity; questions and answers bank

Chapter Outline

• 1.1 Definitions and Subdisciplines of Toxicology 2
• 1.2 Types of Toxicants 5
• 1.3 Toxicity and Toxic Effects 6
  • 1.3.1 Toxicity in Relation to Frequency and Duration of Exposure 7
  • 1.3.2 Toxicity in Relation to Time of Development and Duration of Induced Effects 7
• 1.4 Other Terms Used in Toxicology 8
• 1.5 Classification of Toxic Agents 10
• 1.6 Toxicity Rating 13
• 1.7 Historical Stalwarts 13
• 1.8 Factors Affecting Toxicity 21
  • 1.8.1 Host Factors (Factors Related to Subject) 21
  • 1.8.2 Factors Related to Toxicants or Associated With Xenobiotics 23
  • 1.8.3 Environmental Factors 25
  • 1.8.4 Individual or Nonindividual Factors 25
• 1.9 Natural Laws Concerning Toxicology 26
  • 1.9.1 Time–Effect Relationship 26
  • 1.9.2 Dose–Response Relationship 27
  • 1.9.3 Variables of Dose–Response Curves 32
  • 1.9.4 Interaction With Receptors 35
• 1.10 Risk Assessment 38
  • 1.10.1 Definitions 38
  • 1.10.2 Preliminary Evaluation of Risk Assessment 40
  • 1.10.3 Basic Elements of Risk Assessment 40
  • 1.10.4 Establishment of an Acceptable RfD 43
• 1.11 Question and Answer Exercises 44
  • 1.11.1 Short Questions and Answers 44
  • 1.11.2 Multiple Choice Questions (Choose the Best Statement, it can be one, two or all or none) 52
  • 1.11.3 Fill in the Blanks 60
  • 1.11.4 True or False Statements (Write T for true and F for false statement) 62
  • 1.11.5 Match the Statements 63
• Further Reading 64

1.1 Definitions and Subdisciplines of Toxicology

1. Q. Definition
   The traditional definition of toxicology is “the science of poisons.” As our understanding of how various agents can cause harm to humans and other organisms, a more descriptive definition of toxicology is “the study of the adverse effects of chemicals or physical agents on living organisms.”
   Explanation: The word “toxicology” is derived from the Greek word “toxicon” which means “poison” and logos means to study. It also includes study of special effects of toxicants developmental toxicity, teratogenicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenesis, immune-toxicity, neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption, etc. Adverse effects may occur in many forms, ranging from immediate death to subtle changes not realized until months or years later. They may occur at various levels within the body, such as an organ, a type of cell, or a specific biochemical. Knowledge of how toxic agents damage the body has progressed along with medical knowledge. It is now known that various observable changes in anatomy or body functions actually result from previously unrecognized changes in specific biochemicals in the body.
2. Q. Define xenobiotics.
   Xenobiotic: Xenobiotics (xeno is a Greek word which means “strange or alien”) are the substances which are foreign to the body and are biologically active. These cannot be broken down to generate energy or be assimilated into a biosynthetic pathway. It is a very wide class and structurally adverse agents, both natural and synthetic chemicals such as drugs, industrial chemicals, pesticides, alkaloids, secondary plant metabolites and toxins of molds, plants and animals, and environmental pollutants.
3. Q. What are the subdisciplines of toxicology?
   • Biochemical toxicology
   • Reproductive toxicology
   • Development toxicology
   • Teratology
   • Genetic toxicology
   • Clinical toxicology
   • Forensic toxicology
   • Analytical toxicology
   • Nutritional toxicology
   • Veterinary toxicology
   • Environmental toxicology
   • Occupationa...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Disclaimer
• Preface
• Chapter 1. General toxicology
• Chapter 2. Disposition
• Chapter 3. Mechanism of toxicity
• Chapter 4. Target organ toxicity
• Chapter 5. Pesticides (agrochemicals)
• Chapter 6. Metals and micronutrients
• Chapter 7. Nonmetals and micronutrients
• Chapter 8. Solvents, vapors, and gases
• Chapter 9. Poisonous and venomous organisms
• Chapter 10. Poisonous foods and food poisonings
• Chapter 11. Poisonous plants
• Chapter 12. Drugs of use, dependence, and abuse
• Chapter 13. Radioactive materials
• Chapter 14. Environmental and ecotoxicology
• Chapter 15. Veterinary toxicology
• Chapter 16. Clinical toxicology
• Chapter 17. Brainstorming: Toxicology question bank
• Index