Advances In Smart Coatings And Thin Films For Future Industrial and Biomedical Engineering Applications

Abdel Salam Hamdy Makhlouf, Nedal Yusuf Abu-Thabit

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2019
• Print ISBN: 9780128498705
• eBook ISBN: 9780128118931
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Materials Science
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Advances In Smart Coatings And Thin Films For Future Industrial and Biomedical Engineering Applications discusses in detail, the recent trends in designing, fabricating and manufacturing of smart coatings and thin films for future high-tech. industrial applications related to transportation, aerospace and biomedical engineering. Chapters cover fundamental aspects and diverse approaches used to fabricate smart self-healing anti-corrosion coatings, shape-memory coatings, polymeric and nano-bio-ceramic cotings, bio-inspired and stimuli-responsive coatings for smart surfaces with antibacterial activkity and controlled wettability, and electrically conductive coatings and their emerging applications. With the emphasis on advanced methodologies and recent emerging applications of smart multifunctional coatings and thin films, this book is essential reading for materials scientists and rsearchers working in chemical sciences, advanced materials, sensors, pharmaceutical and biomedical engineering. - Discusses the most recent advances and innovations in smart multifunctional coatings and thin films in the transportation, aerospace and biomedical engineering industries - Highlights the synthesis methods, processing, testing and characterization of smart coatings and thin films - Reviews the current prospects and future trends within the industry

Part I

Introduction

Outline

• Chapter 1 Fundamental of smart coatings and thin films: synthesis, deposition methods, and industrial applications

Chapter 1

Fundamental of smart coatings and thin films: synthesis, deposition methods, and industrial applications

Nedal Y. Abu-Thabit¹ and Abdel Salam Hamdy Makhlouf^2,3, ¹Department of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Jubail Industrial College, Jubail Industrial City, Saudi Arabia, ²Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, Cairo, Egypt, ³Integrated Mechanical Material Corrosion Consulting (IM2C), TX, United States

Abstract

This chapter overviews the basic principles of smart coatings and thin films and highlights the most common methods for deposition of conventional and smart coatings and thin films in industrial settings. Several deposition methods have been discussed thoroughly including physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, thermal evaporation, ion-assisted deposition, ion-plating sputtering, cathodic-arc evaporation, pulsed-laser deposition, etching, and the sol–gel method, among others. In particular, the chapter explores the most recent trends for the synthesis and deposition of smart, multifunctional coatings and thin films including spin-coating, dip-coating, spray-coating, layer-by-layer assembly or in situ polymerization in case of electrically conducting polymers. The recent technological applications based on smart coatings are also reviewed including antibacterial, self-cleaning with controllable wettability, and anticorrosion self-healing coatings. The fundamentals of smart functional surfaces and their importance in developing advanced coatings and thin films are also discussed.

Keywords

Thin films; smart coatings; semiconductor industry; deposition methods; antibacterial coatings; superhydrophobic coatings; self-healing; physical vapor deposition; chemical vapor deposition

Contents

Outline

• 1.1 Introduction 3
• 1.2 Conventional synthesis and deposition methods 4
  • 1.2.1 Physical vapor deposition 5
  • 1.2.2 Thermal evaporation 5
  • 1.2.3 Electron-beam evaporation 5
  • 1.2.4 Sputtering 8
  • 1.2.5 Ion-assisted deposition 15
  • 1.2.6 Chemical vapor deposition 15
  • 1.2.7 Sol–gel coatings 17
  • 1.2.8 Other common deposition techniques 18
• 1.3 Deposition of smart coatings and smart thin films 19
  • 1.3.1 Smart anticorrosion self-healing coatings 20
  • 1.3.2 Smart superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings 23
  • 1.3.3 Smart antibacterial coatings 24
• References 28

1.1 Introduction

A thin film or coating is the treatment of a surface substrate with a deposited coating to the alter chemical, thermal, optical, or environmental properties of the substrate. Smart coatings are a group of coatings that can be broadly defined as coatings that respond automatically to external mechanical, chemical, or physical damage stimuli such as pH, heat, light, and so forth. The term “smart coating” refers to the concept of coatings being able to sense the surrounding environment and respond accordingly.

Different coating processes have been adopted for developing conventional thin-film coatings including thermal evaporation (TE), ion-assisted deposition, ion-plating sputtering, cathodic-arc evaporation, pulsed-laser deposition, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), etching, sol–gel, spinning, spraying, dipping, plasma polymerization, electroplating, electrophoresis, anodization, Langmuir Blodgett, and molecular beam epitaxy. In comparison, smart coatings can be defined as those coatings with the ability for self-repairing, self-healing, responding to external or internal stimuli, or providing a specific single functionality or dual/multiple functionalities for certain applications. This chapter provides a general overview of the fabrication methods for depositing thin films for conventional and smart, multifunctional coatings.

1.2 Conventional synthesis and deposition methods

Deposition technology is considered a major key to development in the semiconductor industry as microelectronic solid-state devices are all based on material structures created by thin-film deposition [1]. The deposition can be achieved from gas, liquid, or solid phases. The starting material is grown by CVD of a single-crystal silicon film on a single-crystal silicon substrate, a process known as homoepitaxy, which is accomplished by hydrogen reduction of dichlorosilane vapor [1]. Layers of a single-crystal compound semiconductor are created to a thickness of few atom layers by molecular beam epitaxy [1]. The subsequent steps for fabricating electrical structures require deposition of insulating or dielectric thin film on the top of the semiconductor layer (e.g., oxides, nitrides). These steps can be accomplished by CVD, plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD), or other sputtering methods. Deposition of subsequent levels of insulators is repeated to build multivalent structures [1]. Spin, spray, and dip-coating techniques can be used to deposit organic polymeric insulating materials such as polyimide. Spin-on deposition is especially employed for devices with planar topography, as in the case of most high-density, multivalent conductor, very large-scale integration (VLSI) circuits [1]. The following section discusses the main industrial processes used for deposition of conventional thin films for electrical, electronics, optical, optoelectronics, and dielectric applications.

1.2.1 Physical vapor deposition

The physical vapor deposition (PVD) process involves a physical method of removing individual atoms or small clusters of atoms from a solid or liquid source that pass through a low-pressure chamber and impinge on a substrate to form thin film. Vapor deposition is a highly versatile process that is used to create thin films and coatings for diverse applications from microelectronics to gas turbine [2]. One of the unique characteristics of the vapor deposition process is its ability to manipulate the atomic scale structure of thin films or nanoparticles during their growth by vapor deposition which allows for the creation of new materials with superior and distinguished functionalities such as giant magnetoresistance [3], tunable optical emission/absorption [4], high-efficiency photovoltaic conversion [5,6], and ultralow thermal conductivity [7], Fig. 1.1. These discoveries are leading to revolutionary devices such as giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensors [7], magnetic memories [8], and quantum dot lasers and detectors [9,10]. The most employed vapor deposition techniques are the evaporative and sputtering processes [11], which are compared in Table 1.1.

Figure 1.1 Examples of nanoscale vapor deposited material systems and their critical dimensions. Reproduced with permission from H. Wadley, et al., Mechanisms, models and...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• List of Contributors
• About the editors
• Preface
• Part I: Introduction
• Part II: Smart Multifunctional Coatings for Corrosion Protection
• Part III: Smart Coatings & Thin Films for Biomedical Applications
• Part IV: Bioinspired and Bio-based Smart Coatings and Thin Films
• Part V: Smart Self-cleaning Coatings with Controlled Wettability
• Part VI: Smart Antibacterial Coatings & Thin Films
• Part VII: Smart Electrically Conductive Coatings & Thin Films
• Index