Advanced Dental Biomaterials

Zohaib Khurshid, Shariq Najeeb, Muhammad Zafar, Farshid Sefat, Muhammad Sohail Zafar

• Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
• Year: 2019
• Print ISBN: 9780081024768
• eBook ISBN: 9780081024775
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Biotechnology in Medicine
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Advanced Dental Biomaterials is an invaluable reference for researchers and clinicians within the biomedical industry and academia. The book can be used by both an experienced researcher/clinician learning about other biomaterials or applications that may be applicable to their current research or as a guide for a new entrant into the field who needs to gain an understanding of the primary challenges, opportunities, most relevant biomaterials, and key applications in dentistry. - Provides a comprehensive review of the materials science, engineering principles and recent advances in dental biomaterials - Reviews the fundamentals of dental biomaterials and examines advanced materials' applications for tissues regeneration and clinical dentistry - Written by an international collaborative team of materials scientists, biomedical engineers, oral biologists and dental clinicians in order to provide a balanced perspective on the field

1

Introduction to dental biomaterials and their advances

Zohaib Khurshid¹, Muhammad S. Zafar^2,3, Shariq Najeeb⁴, Touraj Nejatian^5,6 and Farshid Sefat⁷, ¹Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Implantology, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, ²Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia, ³Department of Dental Materials, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan, ⁴National Center for Proteomics, University of Karachi, Pakistan, ⁵Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, United Kingdom, ⁶Nottingham Dental Clinic, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ⁷Biomedical and Electrical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom

Abstract

Dentistry is a field of science which dealing with diagnosis, rehabilitation of dental tissues, and management of oral function. For this dental biomaterials playing an important role in the reconstruction of damaged dental tissues such as dental composites for enamel and dentin damages, ceramic for masticatory functional and aesthetic, antibacterial products such as graphene.

Keywords

Oral cavity; dentistry; enamel; dentin; pulp; periodontium; dental composites; graphene; ceramics

Chapter Outline

• References 3
• Further reading 5

Dental biomaterials and tissue engineering are rapidly developing approaches being used for the production of new organs and body tissues, particularly for bone implants or dental tissue replacements. Yet, over the past few decades, there has been a wide range of research conducted on the provision of tissue engineered dental grafts that has led to a significant improvement in the production of scaffolds with similar characteristics to a natural tooth (Zafar and Ahmed, 2015).

Tissue engineering in the 21st century has become a cutting-edge science in the field of medicine and it is expected in the near future to replace traditional therapies which cause enormous side effects. In the tissue engineering principles, one of the main elements after cells, environmental factors, and signaling molecules is the biomaterial, which plays an important role in successful functional tissue engineered products. In recent years significant improvement and progress have been reported in the reconstruction of various human tissue replacements and prostheses, including bone (Sefat et al., 2010, 2014), cartilage (Daghigh Ahmadi et al., 2018; Raja et al., 2018), skin (Mahjour et al., 2015; Bye et al., 2014), oral tissues (Nejatian et al., 2017; Zafar and Ahmed, 2015; Qasim et al., 2018; Najeeb et al., 2017), cornea (Deshpande et al., 2013; Ortega et al., 2014), nerve (Mohamadi et al., 2017; Mohammadi et al., 2018), and adipose tissue (Amini et al., 2018).

The most common methods used in the fabrication of tissue engineering scaffolds, particularly as dental biomaterials, consist of hydrogels, molecular self-assembly, thermally induced phase separation, solvent casting, particulate-leaching techniques, and the electrospinning process (Gentile et al., 2017; Mahjour et al., 2016). In particular, for dental tissue engineering much research has been carried out using electrospinning (Zafar et al., 2016; Qasim et al., 2018), and this is the most widely used method in the production of tissue engineered teeth.

Dentistry, similarly to medicine and other related subjects such as biomedical engineering, biomedical science, pharmacy, and pharmacology, has been revolutionized by the introduction of new technologies, for example, dentists use digital technology to carry out dental treatments. For this reason, we have included an interesting chapter on digital dentistry in this book.

This book covers both the basic and clinical sciences of dental biomaterials with the view to meeting the needs of researchers and practitioners. In this book, the authors mainly look at various dental biomaterials’ properties and characterization techniques, such as metal alloys, polymers, composites, and ceramics.

A chapter will focus on dental gypsum and investment materials covering composition, types, manufacturing, and applications. Gypsum products can be found as a powder which forms a fluid mass once combined with water and, therefore, has the capability to be shaped, before finally hardening into a rigid, stable mass. The main application of gypsum products is to replicate the shape of oral structures, which will be discussed in this chapter.

Acrylic resin is a biomaterial that has the required mechanical and physical properties (Zafar and Ahmed, 2014), and it has been used as a denture material both in research and the clinic. Much research has been done on the biocompatibility and biodegradability of this material (Nejatian et al., 2015). Acrylic resin will be discussed in a separate chapter in this book.

Another chapter is mainly focused on dental amalgam, which has been used successfully in the dental industry for decades. Dental amalgam is composed of a mixture of metal alloy and liquid mercury. Amalgam is mainly used for dental restorations. The current trend in the United Kingdom is to phase-down amalgam application due to the increasing concern over the safety of mercury, however, it is still widely used in many other countries, including the United States. Amalgam stays soft for a short period of time after it is mixed, which allows enough time for it to be condensed and shaped onto the prepared tooth (Gay et al., 1979; Bates, 2006).

Dental resin composites are important biomaterials that have been increasingly used as the main restorative materials (Nejatian et al., 2017; Khurshid et al., 2015). In this book the specific types of composites as well as the potential biological issues of dental composites are discussed in detail. In addition, resin-based dental composites for tooth filling are addressed in a separate chapter due to their importance.

Cements are another important group of biomaterials that have been explored intensively by researchers and clinicians. A separate chapter is allocated to dental cements, including base, liner, luting, and temporary cements, as well as pulp capping materials. Due to the high clinical demand for dental cements, the chemistry and applications of glass ionomer cement (GIC) and nano-GIC have been discussed broadly here in this book.

Dental impression materials have been utilized as negative replicas to fabricate dental models. Various natural and synthetic materials have been utilized as dental impression materials, which are frequently classified on the basis of their properties into two groups, that is, elastic and nonelastic families. In this book, impression materials and their properties are discussed with the aim of providing a practical guide for dentists and prosthodontists.

Fiber reinforced composites (FRCs) are combinations of conventional dental resin composites and glass fibers. This combination provides a high level of strength in the same way as that found in boats, light aircraft, and F1 racing cars. For many decades, engineers have been using fibers as fillers to construct materials/devices with high levels of strength and fracture toughness. That is why these materials attracted attention as desirable restorative materials in the field of dentistry (He et al., 2017). FRCs have been the center of attention in dentistry in the 21st century because of their excellent adhesion and appearance. Nowadays these materials have many clinical applications, such as fixed prosthodontics, restorative dentistry, periodontology, orthodontics, and repair of prosthetic devices (Nagata et al., 2016). FRCs are discussed in detail in a chapter of this book. Additionally, a number of emerging materials that have been extensively explored for various dental applications, such as nanomaterials (Najeeb et al., 2015, 2016a,b,c,d; Zafar et al., 2017), polyether–ether ketones (Najeeb et al., 2016a,b), natural silk (Zafar and Ahmed, 2014), and antimicrobial peptides (Khurshid et al., 2016a,b, 2017, 201...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• List of contributors
• 1. Introduction to dental biomaterials and their advances
• 2. Properties of dental biomaterials
• 3. Dental gypsum and investments
• 4. Ceramic materials in dentistry
• 5. Acrylic denture base materials
• 6. Dental amalgam
• 7. Resin-based dental composites for tooth filling
• 8. Glass-ionomer cement: chemistry and its applications in dentistry
• 9. Impression materials for dental prosthesis
• 10. Nano glass ionomer cement: modification for biodental applications
• 11. Enamel etching and dental adhesives
• 12. Endodontic materials: from old materials to recent advances
• 13. Fiber-reinforced composites
• 14. Zirconium in dentistry
• 15. Natural and synthetic bone replacement graft materials for dental and maxillofacial applications
• 16. Calcium orthophosphates as a dental regenerative material
• 17. Bioactive glasses—structure and applications
• 18. Nanotechnology and nanomaterials in dentistry
• 19. Digital dentistry
• 20. Biomaterials used in orthodontics: brackets, archwires, and clear aligners
• 21. Dental implants materials and surface treatments
• 22. Graphene to improve the physicomechanical properties and bioactivity of the cements
• 23. Biomaterials for maxillofacial prosthetic rehabilitation
• 24. Biomaterials for craniofacial tissue engineering and regenerative dentistry
• 25. Applications of silver diamine fluoride in management of dental caries
• Index