Intelligent Vehicular Networks and Communications

Fundamentals, Architectures and Solutions

Anand Paul, Naveen Chilamkurti, Alfred Daniel, Seungmin Rho

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2016
• Print ISBN: 9780128092668
• eBook ISBN: 9780128095461
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Business Intelligence
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Intelligent Vehicular Network and Communications: Fundamentals, Architectures and Solutions begins with discussions on how the transportation system has transformed into today's Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). It explores the design goals, challenges, and frameworks for modeling an ITS network, discussing vehicular network model technologies, mobility management architectures, and routing mechanisms and protocols. It looks at the Internet of Vehicles, the vehicular cloud, and vehicular network security and privacy issues.The book investigates cooperative vehicular systems, a promising solution for addressing current and future traffic safety needs, also exploring cooperative cognitive intelligence, with special attention to spectral efficiency, spectral scarcity, and high mobility. In addition, users will find a thorough examination of experimental work in such areas as Controller Area Network protocol and working function of On Board Unit, as well as working principles of roadside unit and other infrastructural nodes.Finally, the book examines big data in vehicular networks, exploring various business models, application scenarios, and real-time analytics, concluding with a look at autonomous vehicles.- Proposes cooperative, cognitive, intelligent vehicular networks- Examines how intelligent transportation systems make more efficient transportation in urban environments- Outlines next generation vehicular networks technology

Chapter 1

Introduction: intelligent vehicular communications

Abstract

The chapter provides an outline of the vision and background of transportation networks. It also discusses the special characteristics and the evolution of vehicular networks. Here, we focus on the history of transportation networks and the transformation to intelligent transportation systems (ITS).

Moreover, the chapter also provides the basic idea behind vehicular technologies and discusses the various types of access technologies, such as short-, medium-, and long-range communication that are feasible for vehicular communications. In addition, standardization in ITS plays an important role; therefore, we give a detailed description of various standards as well as implementation in a global context.

Hence, the chapter provides a detailed study of the transportation system and provides an outline to prepare readers for Chapter 2, which outlines in detail the principle of ITS.

Keywords

intelligent vehicular communications (IVC)

VANET

V2V

V2I

WAVE

802.11p

1.1. Background of transportation networks

The World Health Organization (WHO) statistics depict that annually road accidents cause approximately 1.2 million deaths worldwide, one fourth of all deaths caused by injury. In addition about 50 million people are injured in traffic accidents annually. This scenario calls for immediate steps to revamp the present vehicular safety services. The main motivation behind the vehicular communication systems is to promote safety and also eliminate the excessive costs of traffic collisions. Although the main advantage of vehicular networks is safety, there are several other benefits such as avoiding congestion, finding the most optimal path by processing real-time data, vehicle behavior analysis, examining road capacity, pedestrian flow rate analysis, and so forth. The US regulator officials are planning for the technology to become mandatory by 2017 for intelligent transportation system (ITS). Allowing cooperation among vehicular network entities, which require a persistent, stable, and reliable underlying communications service. Currently, the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has allocated 75 MHz and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) allocated 30 MHz of spectrum in 5.9 GHz band for the operation of ITS services.

The vehicular network research deals with a multifaceted real-world system, the transportation system. The research implications deal with theoretical values and practical methods that can be implemented and applied in different aspects, including planning, design, construction, operations, safety, and so forth. One unique characteristic of a vehicular network is that it advances intensively with scientific innovations. In order to change the elementary characteristics of the vehicular networks the technological achievement provides an innovative path for observing, monitoring, and managing transportation systems. One of the earliest and most representative transportation models is the fundamental diagram of relationships among speed, flow, and density by Greenshields in the year 1935. From that time, vehicular networks investigation has advanced significantly with respect to practically all features of the transportation system, particularly with the growth of ITS technologies since the 1990s.

Road safety has been a significant concern in the world over the past few decades because millions of people die or are injured in car accidents every year. Current statistics show that road traffic accidents in the Member States of the European Union annually claim about 39,000 lives and leave more than 1.7 million people injured, representing an estimated cost of 160 billion euros. In 1900 there were 240 km of surface road in the United States, and this total had increased to 6,400,000 by the year 2000, with effectively 100% of the US population having almost instant access to paved roadways. The growth (and decline) of transportation networks perceptibly disturbs the communal and financial happenings that a region can support, yet the dynamics of how such growth occurs is one of the least understood areas in transportation. This lack of understanding in recent times can be seen in the long-range planning and development of urban and rural transportation projects. If one looks at the difficulty and governance involved in transportation infrastructure organizations and management, one might conclude that it is impossible to perfect the transportation network. Nevertheless, the current advancement in transportation network results in abundant primary and secondary valuations by various functionalities such as property holders, companies, manufacturers, townships, cities, states, provinces, and countries and so forth. It’s necessary to understand how markets and policies convert into amenities on the ground and how it is crucial for scientific permissive filtering prediction, scheduling, policymaking, and valuation. In general, a transportation network is a multilayered system that reflects self-organization and illustrates the subtleties related to conveyance systems, focusing on traffic projection or assessment. However, the dynamics of vehicular network development require various enhancements.

Automated highway systems and ITS were introduced to quicken the growth and use of incorporated safety systems that use information and communication technologies (ICT) as an intelligent solution to address issues of road safety and to decrease the number of accidents. With the advances in mobile wireless devices, which are becoming an indispensable part of our lives, and increasing interest in ubiquitous connectivity methodologies, Internet access from a vehicular point of view is in huge demand. The propagation of cooperating system methodology for ITS, the focus on ICT, and the growing number of communication infrastructure–enabled vehicles has opened up new business models and key market segments for investors in the ITS market.

Vehicular communication networks (VCNs) are the foundation for the much-anticipated ITS. By enabling vehicles to communicate with each other via intervehicle communication (IVC) networks as well as with roadside base stations via roadside-to-vehicle communication (RVC), vehicular networks could promote safer and more well-organized infrastructures for transportation. The prospects in the areas of applications in a vehicular network are growing rapidly, with several vehicle companies and private organizations vigorously pursuing research and development in vehicular networks. The combination of onboard sensor structures and the dissemination of onboard localization methods (global positioning system or GPS) make vehicular network appropriate for active safety applications, including collision and warning systems, driver assistance, intelligent traffic management systems, and so forth. Furthermore, IVC opens up possibilities for online vehicle entertainment such as streaming video and gaming file sharing, and thus facilitates the incorporation of Internet services and applications. Fig. 1.1 illustrates the functionalities of vehicular communication scenarios: IVC, RVC, and VCNs.

Figure 1.1 Vehicular Communications Scenario

Vehicular network organization assessments made at one point of time can influence future developments. Although vehicular networks are characteristically depicted as being static in representations, an enhanced understanding of the growth pattern of infrastructures will provide valuable guidance to shape the next-generation network.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) should, upon implementation, collect and distribute safety information to massively reduce the number of accidents by warning drivers about the danger before they actually face it. Such networks comprise of sensors and onboard units (OBU) installed in the car as well as roadside units (RSU). The data collected from the sensors on the vehicles can be displayed to the driver, sent to the RSU or even broadcasted to other vehicles depending on its nature and importance. The RSU distributes this data, along with data from road sensors, weather centers, traffic control centers, and so forth, to the vehicles and also provides commercial services such as parking space booking, Internet access, and gas payment. The network makes extensive use of wireless communications to achieve its goals but although wireless communications reached a level of maturity, a lot more is required to implement such a complex system. Most available wireless systems rely on a base station for synchronization and other services; however, using this approach means covering all roads with expensive infrastructure. Ad hoc networks have been studied for some time but VANET will form the biggest ad hoc network ever implemented, and issues of stability, reliability, and scalability are of concern. VANET therefore is not an architectural network and not an ad hoc network but a combination of both; this unique form combined with high-speed nodes complicates the design of the network. When we entered VANET research with the Fleet-Net project in mid-2001, ad-hoc research was largely dominated by efforts to standardize mobile ad hoc network (MANET) protocols in the same-named IETF working group. Consequently, these protocols were tailored to transporting IP unicast datagrams, enabling the variety of IP applications to be run transparently over these networks. Thus, early MANET research focused on the network layer, since (1) wireless network hardware including layers 1 and 2 could already be bought off-the-shelf, and (2) everything above IP was already there. So the ultimate challenge seemed to lie in the problem of how to reach nodes not directly within radio range by employing neighbors as forwarders.

MANET research itself tried to treat the networks as generally as possible, following the idea that worst-case engineered protocols also fit special-case scenarios. For example, the widely used random-waypoint mobility model proposes node mo...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Preface
• Chapter 1: Introduction: intelligent vehicular communications
• Chapter 2: Intelligent transportation systems
• Chapter 3: Vehicular network (VN) model
• Chapter 4: Evaluation of vehicular network models
• Chapter 5: Cognitive radio in vehicular network
• Chapter 6: Theory and application of vehicular networks
• Chapter 7: Vehicular network as business model in Big Data
• Chapter 8: Big Data collision analysis framework
• Chapter 9: Future trends and challenges in ITS
• References
• Index