Thermal and Rheological Measurement Techniques for Nanomaterials Characterization

Sabu Thomas, Raju Thomas, Ajesh K Zachariah, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra, Sabu Thomas, Raju Thomas, Ajesh K Zachariah, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra, Raghvendra Kumar

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2017
• Print ISBN: 9780323461399
• eBook ISBN: 9780323461450
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Materials Science
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Thermal and Rheological Measurement Techniques for Nanomaterials Characterization, Second Edition covers thermal and rheological measurement techniques, including their principle working methods, sample preparation and interpretation of results. This important reference is an ideal source for materials scientists and industrial engineers who are working with nanomaterials and need to know how to determine their properties and behaviors. - Outlines key characterization techniques to determine the thermal and rheological behavior of different nanomaterials - Explains how the thermal and rheological behavior of nanomaterials affect their usage - Provides a method-orientated approach that explains how to successfully use each technique

Chapter 1

Instrumental Techniques for the Characterization of Nanoparticles

Cintil Jose Chirayil¹, Jiji Abraham², Raghvendra Kumar Mishra², Soney C. George³, and Sabu Thomas^{2 1}Newman College, Thodupuzha, India ²Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India ³Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Kottayam, India

Abstract

Advances in nanomaterials have opened a new era in various fields such as industrial, medical, commercial, and consumer products owing to their unique and novel physical and chemical properties. A wide variety of techniques can be used to analyze and characterize nanoparticles depending on the application of interest. Characterization refers to the study of material features such as composition, structure, and various properties such as physical, chemical, electrical, magnetic, etc. This chapter summarizes the techniques that are commonly used to investigate the size, shape, surface properties, composition, purity, and stability of nanomaterials, along with their benefits and drawbacks. Various characterization techniques such as optical (imaging), electron probe, photon probe, ion particle probe, and thermodynamic techniques are discussed briefly in this chapter.

Keywords

Electron probe characterization techniques; Ion particle; Nanomaterials; Optical (imaging); Photon probe characterization techniques; Probe characterization techniques; Thermodynamic characterization techniques

Chapter Outline

1.1 Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials

1.2 Classification of Nanomaterials

1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nanomaterials

1.4 Opportunities Presented by Nanomaterials

1.5 Characterization Techniques of Nanomaterials

1.5.1 Optical (Imaging) Characterization Techniques

1.5.1.1 Confocal Laser-Scanning Microscopy

1.5.1.2 Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy

1.5.1.3 Two-Photon Fluorescence Microscopy

1.5.1.4 Dynamic Light Scattering

1.5.1.5 Brewster Angle Microscopy

1.5.2 Electron Probe Characterization Techniques

1.5.2.1 Scanning Probe Electron Microscopy

1.5.2.2 Electron Probe Microanalysis

1.5.2.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy

1.5.2.4 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

1.5.3 Photon Probe Characterization Techniques

1.5.3.1 Photoelectron Spectroscopy

1.5.3.2 UV–Visible Spectroscopy

1.5.3.3 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

1.5.3.4 Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy

1.5.3.5 Fluorescence Spectroscopy

1.5.3.6 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance

1.5.4 Ion Particle Probe Characterization Techniques

1.5.4.1 Rutherford Backscattering

1.5.4.2 Small-Angle Scattering

1.5.4.3 Nuclear Reaction Analysis

1.5.4.4 Raman Spectroscopy

1.5.4.5 X-Ray Diffraction

1.5.4.6 Cathodoluminescence

1.5.4.7 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

1.5.4.8 Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

1.5.5 Thermodynamic Characterization Techniques

1.5.5.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis

1.5.5.2 Differential Thermal Analysis

1.5.5.3 Evolved Gas Analysis

1.5.5.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry

1.5.5.5 Nanocalorimetry

1.5.5.6 Brunauer–Emmett–Teller Method

1.5.6 Other Important Techniques

1.5.6.1 Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis

1.5.6.2 Tilted Laser Microscopy

1.5.6.3 Turbidimetry

1.5.6.4 Field-Flow Fractionation

1.5.6.5 Size-Exclusion Chromatography

1.5.6.6 Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography

1.5.6.7 ζ Potential Measurements

1.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

1.1. Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials

Nanotechnology is the art and science of handling matter at the nanoscale (down to 1/10,000,000 the width of a human hair) to create new and unique materials and products with properties that differ significantly from those on a larger scale [1]. Early developments in nanotechnology were initiated by Nobel Laureate Richard Feynman, who introduced the idea of molecular machines in 1959. The importance of nanotechnology comes from the tunability of material properties by assembling such materials at the nanoscale level. Norio Taniguchi's 1974 paper is the first scientific publication in which the term “nanotechnology” was used [2]. Now nanotechnology can be identified as the driving force behind the industrial revolution. Owing to its enormous potential to change society, both public and private sectors are spending a lot of money on this new technology. At the same time, scientists have anxieties about the adverse effects of the basic building blocks of nanotechnologies—particles smaller than one-billionth of a meter—on health and the environment. By using nanotechnology we can design, characterize, produce, and apply nanostructures, nanodevices, and nanosystems by controlling shape and size at the nanometer scale. A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter. The difference in the properties of materials at nanoscale compared to bulk is due to two main reasons. First is the increased chemical reactivity of nanomaterials due to their large surface area compared to bulk. The second is the quantum confinement effect. A nanomaterial is an object that has at least one dimension on the nanometer scale (approximately 1–100 nm). There are several ways to classify nanomaterials based on their origin, dimensions, and structural configuration.

1.2. Classification of Nanomaterials

According to their origin nanomaterials are classified as follows:

1. Natural nanomaterials

Natural nanomaterials belong to the natural nanoworld and originate from animals or minerals without any human modification or processing. Some important examples of natural nanomaterials include inorganic natural nanomaterials (minerals, clays, etc.), natural carbon nanoparticles (diamond and graphite), nanoparticles from space, nanomaterials from the animal and plant kingdoms (cotton, collagen, bacterial fibers, exoskeleton, and endoskeleton), and nanomaterials in insects (chitin, sponge fibers) [3].

2. Artificial nanomaterials

These are fabricated by experimental and well-defined mechanical and fabrication processes. Examples include carbon nanotubes, graphene, metal oxides, quantum dots, etc.

According to their number of dimensions, which are not confined to the nanoscale range (<100 nm), nanomaterials are classified as follows:

▪ Zero-dimensional

For this kind of material all the dimensions measured are within the nanosize range. The most common demonstration of zero-dimensional nanomaterials is nanoparticles. They are amorphous or crystalline, single crystalline or polycrystalline; composed of single or multiple chemical elements; exist individually or incorporated in a matrix; exhibit various shapes and forms; and can be metallic, ceramic, or polymeric.

▪ One-dimensional

For these materials one dimension is outside the nanoscale, which leads to needle-like-shaped nanomaterials. One-dimensional materials include nanotubes, nanorods, and nanowires.

▪ Two-dimensional

Two of the dimensions are not confined to the nanoscale in two-dimensional materials and they exhibit a plate-like geometry. Two-dimensional nanomaterials include nanofilms, nano...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• List of Contributors
• Editor Biographies
• Chapter 1. Instrumental Techniques for the Characterization of Nanoparticles
• Chapter 2. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
• Chapter 3. Size-Exclusion Chromatography
• Chapter 4. Thermogravimetric Analysis for Characterization of Nanomaterials
• Chapter 5. Differential Scanning Calorimetry in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
• Chapter 6. Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis of Polymer Nanocomposites
• Chapter 7. Thermomechanical Analysis and Its Applications
• Chapter 8. Contact Angle Measurement Techniques for Nanomaterials
• Chapter 9. Surface Area Analysis of Nanomaterials
• Chapter 10. Small-Angle Light and X-ray Scattering in Nanosciences and Nanotechnology
• Index