Principles and Applications of RF/Microwave in Healthcare and Biosensing

Changzhi Li, Mohammad-Reza Tofighi, Dominique Schreurs, Tzyy-Sheng Jason Horng

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2016
• Print ISBN: 9780128029039
• eBook ISBN: 9780128092187
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Biomedical Science
• Index: Technology & Engineering

This reference, written by leading authorities in the field, gives basic theory, implementation details, advanced research, and applications of RF and microwave in healthcare and biosensing. It first provides a solid understanding of the fundamentals with coverage of the basics of microwave engineering and the interaction between electromagnetic waves and biomaterials. It then presents the state-of-the-art development in microwave biosensing, implantable devices -including applications of microwave technology for sensing biological tissues – and medical diagnosis, along with applications involving remote patient monitoring. this book is an ideal reference for RF and microwave engineer working on, or thinking of working on, the applications of RF and Microwave technology in medicine and biology.Learn: - The fundamentals of RF and microwave engineering in healthcare and biosensing- How to combine biological and medical aspects of the field with underlying engineering concepts- How to implement microwave biosensing for material characterization and cancer diagnosis- Applications and functioning of wireless implantable biomedical devices and microwave non-contact biomedical radars- How to combine devices, systems, and methods for new practical applications- The first book to review the fundamentals, latest developments, and future trends in this important emerging field with emphasis on engineering aspects of sensing, monitoring, and diagnosis using RF and Microwave- Extensive coverage of biosensing applications are included- Written by leaders in the field, including members of the Technical Coordinating Committee of the Biological Effects and Medical Applications of the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society

Chapter 1

Fundamentals of microwave engineering

C. Li¹ and D.M.M.-P. Schreurs², ¹Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States, ²KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Abstract

This chapter reviews fundamentals of microwave engineering and systems, which will be used in the other chapters of this book. It starts from classic passive microwave topics such as transmission lines, S-parameters, the Smith Chart, impedance matching, and power dividers/combiners. Then, active building blocks such as amplifiers, mixers, and oscillators will be discussed. Finally, an overview of basic microwave transceiver system architectures will be given. It should be noted that microwave engineering and systems is based on a large engineering discipline that has gone through many years of development. Therefore, the contents of this chapter only illustrate the basic knowledge set and are aimed to help readers from other fields understand the basic principles. As readers go further into specific radio frequency/microwave healthcare and biosensing topics presented in other chapters of the book, they are encouraged to use the chapter references or contact the chapter authors to obtain relevant information and methods of self-learning on corresponding microwave theory and techniques topics.

Keywords

Transmission lines; S-parameters; Smith chart; impedance matching; power dividers; power combiners; directional couplers; amplifiers; mixers; oscillators; noise; linearity; transceivers; heterodyne; homodyne; digital-IF

Chapter Outline

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Transmission Lines Theory 3

1.2.1 A Simple Model of Transmission Lines 3

1.2.2 Impedance and Reflection Coefficient 5

1.2.3 Special Cases of Transmission Lines 6

1.2.4 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 8

1.3 RF Matrices 9

1.3.1 Matrices for Circuit Analysis 9

1.3.2 S-Parameters 10

1.3.3 Conversion Among the Matrices 13

1.4 Smith Chart 13

1.4.1 Reflection Coefficient on the Smith Chart 14

1.4.2 Relationship Between Reflection Coefficient and Impedance 15

1.4.3 Admittance on the Smith Chart 16

1.4.4 Useful Rules of Smith Chart and Impedance/Admittance Calculation 16

1.5 Impedance Matching 18

1.5.1 Matching With Lumped Elements 19

1.5.2 Matching by Transmission Lines 20

1.5.3 Matching by a Quarter-Wave Transformer 21

1.6 Microwave Passive Components 22

1.6.1 Three-Port Power Couplers 22

1.6.2 Four-Port Power Couplers 27

1.7 Microwave Active Circuits 28

1.7.1 Amplifiers: Gain, Noise Figure, Linearity, Stability, and Efficiency 28

1.7.2 Mixers: Active Versus Passive, Noise Figure, Linearity 40

1.7.3 Oscillators: Oscillator Structures, Phase Noise 43

1.8 System Architectures 47

1.8.1 Heterodyne Architecture 47

1.8.2 Homodyne Architecture 48

1.8.3 Double Sideband Architecture 48

1.8.4 Direct IF Sampling Architectures 49

1.8.5 Other Architectures 50

Acknowledgments 50

References 50

1.1 Introduction

The principles and applications of radio frequency (RF)/microwave in healthcare and biosensing are strongly based on the analysis, design, and use of microwave components, circuits, and systems. “Microwave” refers to electromagnetic waves from 1 ...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• List of Contributors
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Fundamentals of microwave engineering
• Chapter 2. Interaction between electromagnetic waves and biological materials
• Chapter 3. Microwave cancer diagnosis
• Chapter 4. Wireless closed-loop stimulation systems for symptom management
• Chapter 5. Human-aware localization using linear-frequency-modulated continuous-wave radars
• Chapter 6. Biomedical radars for monitoring health
• Chapter 7. RF/wireless indoor activity classification
• Index