The Accelerating Transport Innovation Revolution

A Global, Case Study-Based Assessment of Current Experience, Cross-Sectorial Effects, and Socioeconomic Transformations

George Giannopoulos, John F. Munro

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2019
• Print ISBN: 9780128138045
• eBook ISBN: 9780128138052
• Topic: Social Sciences
• Subtopic: Sociology
• Index: Social Sciences

The Accelerating Transport Innovation Revolution: A Global, Case Study-based Assessment of Current Experience, Cross-sectorial Effects and Socioeconomic Transformations, offers a comprehensive view of current state-of-the-art and practices around the world to create innovation on a revolutionary scale and connect research to commercial exploitation of its results. It offers a fascinating new model of the innovation process based on theories of biological ecosystems, general systems theory and basins of attraction (represented through space-time graphs well known in mathematics). Furthermore, it considers – through a number of dedicated chapters - key issues and elements of innovation ecosystems, such as: Causal Factors and system constraints affecting the development and sustainability of innovation ecosystems (Chapter 4); Review of innovation organization and governance in key countries and regions (Chapter 5); the role of technological "Spillovers" (Chapter 6); Collection and use of data for innovation monitoring and benchmarking (Chapter 7); Intellectual Property protection between competing ecosystems (Chapter 8); Economics of innovation (Chapter 9); Public and private sector involvement in Transport innovation creation (Chapter 10); the role of the individual entrepreneur - innovator in energizing change (Chapter 11). Finally, in Chapter 12, there is a thorough summary of key findings.This book uses a paradigmatic approach to augment the innovation ecosystem model of innovation that integrates beliefs and learning into the innovation ecosystems model. It therefore includes ten case studies from the U.S., Europe and Asia, detailing how innovation is created across continents and different ecosystems and what are the critical lessons to be learned. It does this, effectively, at five different levels of analysis i.e. the individual innovator / entrepreneur level, the organization level (government agency or company), the regional ecosystem level, the nation-state level and the global – systemic or international level. Each level of analysis, reveals unique features of the innovation landscape and the ten case studies allow the reader to assess when and where specific "enablers" are facilitating innovation especially on a revolutionary scale.The need for the book came from the realization that despite the billions of dollars spent on various research programs over the past 20 years (especially in the public sector), there have been few clear and tangible efforts directed at exploring how innovation production increasingly occurs and the critical factors necessary to sustain large-scale, revolutionary change as the future unfolds. Thus, a primary theme of the book is that understanding how research results translate into market innovation and implementation, especially understanding the nature of revolutionary innovation, is as important as the creation of innovations themselves.While the focus of the book is on Transportation, the concepts and recommendations presented apply to other fields too.- Formulates and presents a workable and comprehensive new model of innovation- Defines and analyzes many concepts and notions related to innovation, research and market implementation- Examines the critical factors affecting innovation production and successful commercial implementation of research results- Examines organizational models of coordination, governance, data collection, process analysis and use of intellectual property tools- Includes recent, well-researched and documented case studies of successful innovation ecosystems across the world mainly – but not only – in the Transport field

Annex 1

Summary Descriptions of RTD&I Public Governance and Organizational Regimes in Countries Around the World

The following is summary information on the RTD&I systems of governance and organization in various countries across the world.¹ It is derived from the work of EU-funded research project FUTRE—FUture prospects on TRansport Evolution and innovation challenges for the competitiveness of Europe² that included conducting a relevant study during 2010 and 2011. The information contained in this annex may therefore be outdated for some of the countries but nevertheless it was considered useful to include this annex in order to:

• • provide an snapshot of the prevailing system of RTD&I governance in countries across the globe at a relatively recent point in time;
• • create a yardstick for comparing national RTD&I governance systems presented in Chapter 4.

The following countries are presented in alphabetical order and their presentations follow the same structure, that is, short presentation of the existing system of governance; sources of research funding; openness to international cooperation policies; and other general relevant information and data.

Algeria

Research System and Governance Structure

The National Council of Scientific and Technological Research (NCSTR) is the supreme administrative body in charge of planning and follow-up of the implementation of national research policy. National research is managed centrally by the Directorate General of Scientific Research and Technological Development, assisted by intersectoral commissions and research agencies. Strategic research policy evaluation is performed by the NCSTR and the commissions.

Research Funders

Research activities are completely funded by the state, including both personnel and equipment costs. Calls for research proposals are organized twice a year and an average funding rate per successfully evaluated project is approximately €15,000. Specific targeted calls for research proposals are also executed by ministries, on their own budget, according to individual needs. Private sector funding does not exist. There is some participation in the EU’s research framework programs but this is relatively low (16 projects in total in the FP7 EU research program³). Participation in the EU research program was achieved mainly through Algerian researchers with relationships with researchers in specific European countries. Participation in research activities with other countries, including neighbouring EU MED⁴ countries, is also minimal.

International Cooperation Policies

International cooperation policies in scientific fields is low. The major cooperation activity lies in the postgraduate level scholarships of the Algerian state for students studying in France.

Algerian universities and research centers aim to increase scientific cooperation through a coordinated development strategy, by tackling existing constraints in multiple levels (research fields and priorities, partnerships, geographical priorities, timing, financing, and regulations). Currently, scientific cooperation with France is dominating, while cooperation with Spain, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Germany is slowly increasing during recent years.

Brazil

Research System and Governance Structure

Research policy follows mainly a top-down approach and is centrally coordinated by the Ministry of Science and Technology with the involvement of other ministries (e.g., education, planning, energy, communications, industry, and foreign trade). The Ministry of S&T coordinates the definition and execution of the annual research budget. The Ministry of Science and Technology is responsible for science and technology development, definition of national and sector research policies, and cooperation. Research and innovation policies and joint priorities setting as well as resources planning are executed by the federal government and the regions. The Brazilian Strategic and Management Studies Centre links the government, the academia, and the private sector. Research funding and management is implemented by the Science Council of the Ministry of Science and Technology.

Research Funders

The main research funding sources are the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Education.

International Cooperation Policies

As stated in its site, the Ministry of Science and Technology aims to increase and strengthen international cooperation policies with the EU, the United States, France, P.R. China, and Ukraine. Bilateral research agreements with other countries and specific agencies also exist, including several separate ones with EU member states (e.g., Germany, Belgium, Spain, France, Italy, and Portugal). The EU—Brazil Bilateral Agreement was signed on November 11, 2005 (L295/38). Similar agreements have been signed with the United States and other countries. The typical objectives of these agreements are to encourage and facilitate cooperation in scientific and technological fields of common interest and mutual benefit, to enable a reciprocal access to research and technological development activities undertaken by each party, to exchange information that may strengthen cooperation activities, and to protect IPR.

Egypt

Research System and Governance Structure

The Higher Council for Science and Technology coordinates and monitors the progress of research and innovation policies under the high patronage of the President of the Republic. The government, the related ministries, as well as leading scientists and representatives of the private sector are involved in the process of RTD and innovation production in the country. The main ministry responsible for research is the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, in coordination with the Academy for Scientific Research and Technology and the Supreme Council of Universities. Affiliate organizations and agencies are also involved in specific research policy areas.

Research Funders

The majority of research funds is controlled and provided by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research and goes to universities and research centers. In the framework of EU’s Neighbourhood Policy, the EU and Egypt have agreed on supporting Egyptian initiatives in the research sector. In addition, a cooperation agreement has been signed in order to enhance the participation of Egyptian organizations in specific activities of EU RTD programs. Bilateral agreements with the EU and other countries, such as United States and Japan, have been signed and these provide additional (modest) sources for research funding.

International Cooperation Policies

The EU and the United States are the two primary collaborators with Egyptian organizations in the research and technology fields. Individual EU member states, such as Germany, France, Sweden, Italy, and Finland have invested in research and innovation development in Egypt.

The World Bank is another main international organization involved with Egyptian science and technology policy design and financing. The World Bank also provides technical knowledge and funding to improve the higher education system.

India

Research System and Governance Structure

Top-level research policy formulation, planning, coordination, that has an advisory role are carried out by the Planning Commission of the Ministry of Science and Technology’s Department of Science and Technology and the Principal Scientific Advisor of the Science Advisory Council of the Prime Minister’s office. The Prime Minister’s Office has constituted a National Knowledge Commission that has an advisory role. The overall structure of the research system of the country is constituted by four main actors:

• • public research system under government and public enterprises,
• • academic research system and universities,
• • private research laboratories under business enterprises, and
• • nongovernmental research institutions aided by both public and private sources.

Policy setting of the research and development agenda and the priorities for science and technology areas of research are initiated through Five Year Plans.

Research Funders

Abound 70% of total research funding is provided by the government, while the remaining is provided by the private sector. Competitive, project-based research funding is provided for research networks, coordinated projects, and bottom-up projects.

International Cooperation Policies

The Science and Technology International Cooperation Policies Division of the Ministry of Science and Technology is responsible for international and technological affairs, including negotiations and implementation of Scientific and Technological Cooperation Agreements....

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Coyright
• About the Authors
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Section A: Understanding Systemic Innovation
• Case Study I: Germany—The Berlin/Adlershof Science and Innovation City: A Case Study of the Structure and Operation in a Major Innovation Ecosystem Element
• Case Study II: Germany—The German Aeronautics, Space, and Transport Center—DLR: A Case of “Technology Marketing” for Innovation Production at Company Level
• Case Study III: Greece—The Athens University of Economics and Business: A Case of a Higher Education Institution Acting as Innovation and Entrepreneurial Hub
• Case Study IV: Israel—A Case of Market-Driven National Innovation System
• Case Study V: P.R. China—A Case of Centrally Driven National Innovation System
• Case Study VI: UK—The Transport Catapult: A Case of Government-Initiated, Company-Level Innovation
• Case Study VII: US—Silicon Valley: A Regional Innovation Ecosystem With World Reach and Impact
• Case Study VIII: US—Denver, Colorado: A Case of an Emerging Regional Transportation Innovation Ecosystem
• Case Study IX: US—The Role of Individuals in the Creation and Sustainability of Innovation Ecosystems
• Case Study X: US, EU, China, and Japan—The Role of Public and Private Sector Investment in EVs, AVs, and AI Innovation
• Annex 1: Summary Descriptions of RTD&I Public Governance and Organizational Regimes in Countries Around the World
• Annex 2: Inducing Exploitation of Research Results—How to Make Better Use of RTD Project and Program Results?
• Annex 3: Key Innovations That Formed Important External Spillovers for Transport-Related Innovation
• Annex 4: Results of RTD Evaluation Studies
• Index