Sustainability Assessment

Context of Resource and Environmental Policy

Mohammad Ali

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2012
• Print ISBN: 9780124071964
• eBook ISBN: 9780124072442
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Environmental Law
• Index: Biological Sciences

Sustainability Assessment is a comprehensive compilation of all the known policy factors related to sustainability. This book outlines all of the elements and considerations of community aspects of policy evaluation in an effort to reduce the future consequences on resources and environmental sustainability. The basic assumption behind it is that sustainability, though oriented to resources and meeting demands, starts from formulation of policy. Policies are so interrelated that all policies have some roles to play toward sustainability.- Helps policymakers integrate the objectives of sustainability into policy actions in a given socio-political environment and plan a strategy for policy implementation- Includes some policy factors that have not been discussed in other texts

Chapter 1

Sustainability Assessment of Policy

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Rationale

1.3 Understanding Discourses

1.1 Introduction

Policy evaluation is a process that measures how far a policy is successful in achieving the goal within stipulated time and cost. Depending on the purposes, policy evaluation may take different forms like: process evaluation, outcome evaluation, impact evaluation, and cost–benefit evaluation (Theodoulou and Kofinis, 2004). Policy analysis on the other hand is done to select the best policy from a set of alternative options. In this respect, policy evaluation is different from policy analysis in the sense that policy analysis is a tool applied before the implementation of policies (ex-ante), whereas evaluation is mostly done after implementation (ex-post) to assess the success of a policy in achieving the target. In addition, policy analysis takes the whole policy unless it is specified, whereas evaluation may take on part of a policy or a set of activities of policies to assess their impacts.

Most forms of policy evaluation are targeted to determine the discrepancy between what was prescribed by the initial policy goals and what has actually been achieved. However, many other forms focus their analysis on different objectives such as: what is the true purpose of the evaluation, how broad or narrow should the scope of the evaluation be, and how should the evaluation be organized and conducted. In this regard, sustainability assessment is treated as an important purpose of policy evaluation. In fact, presently sustainability assessment is becoming imperative for all policies before implementation.

Sustainability assessment, as we have proposed here, differs from existing approaches of policy evaluation in several important dimensions:

1. Sustainability assessment goes beyond policy analysis or evaluation. It explicitly recognizes that the process by which policies are made has some influence on how the policy is implemented and what the contents of policy are; thereby indicating the likelihood of policy success.

2. It provides a framework and specifies conditions which need to be considered for the integration of society, politics, and economics.

3. It looks at strategic dimensions of sustainable development by integrating policy objectives with the political environment within which they are pursued.

Policy evaluation for sustainability assessment thereby is a tool neither to analyze best option nor to evaluate a set of actions but to evaluate an existing policy in a new way to safeguard the acceptability of the policy while continuing to sustain the resources. Although policies of resource system are usually evaluated to investigate the compatibility or cost–benefit flow to the production of resources, sustainability assessment of a policy is an extended investigation to minimize impacts of resource production/utilization on the environment. Sustainability assessment can potentially help managers to consider a policy situation, its compatibility, and its hidden agenda before implementing it. Thus, assessment for the sustainability of resources and the environment of a nation depends not only on the availability of resources but also on the community influences over the control of resources. In fact, the question of sustainability comes to mitigate whether available resources will meet the demand of the population now and in the future. Policy evaluation for sustainability assessment in that respect, is a systematic approach to researching and exploring the anticipated consequences of policy action and its implementation in regulating people’s attitude to resources and the environment. Sustainability assessment thus considers not only the resources or component of policies but also the response or human attitude to it.

The significances of community influences are such that there is a time lag in the occurrence of community attitude/actions and the appearance of their influences on resources and the environment. The community actions of the present time are likely to reveal their influences to future generations. Moreover, often the influences on resources and the environment due to such actions are irreversible. As a result, the options for future generation to correct changes due to past generation remain limited. Therefore, among other things, the approaches of sustainability assessment provide an opportunity at policy level to negotiate actions expected from present communities on resource and environment that can help to save lives, reduce poverty, and improve the quality of life for future generation.

The community actions and attitudes over the resources and environment of a nation are regulated by policies and legislation as well as by the nature of local and global interactions. In a policy environment, there are beneficiaries, players, and interest groups that play different roles in achieving the goals of a policy. Bringing the examples of past policies, Kumari (1996) demonstrated that narrow concerns of colonials for wealth and power configured the policies of resource control in the past in many developing countries. A sustained supply from the forests of India was of British colonial interest to meet the growing demand for naval and military expansion (Guha, 1989; Saldanha, 1998). Kathirithamby (1998) referred to a similar narrow Dutch and Portuguese commercial interest in the forests of South-east Asia. Those cannot be sustainable options because there was a shift of community intention and interest in resource control of those colonized countries. Indeed, there had been a change in community attitude leading to a catastrophic effect on the sustainability of resources and the environment. Ali (2002) has outlined some of these changes in community attitude due to British policy on Bangladesh forestry. Therefore, it is important that, alongside the cost–benefit analysis, community aspects of policies are analyzed adequately before implementation aiming to reduce the impact on future sustainability of resources and environment.

This book is aimed at outlining some of the elements and considerations of community aspects of policy evaluation in an effort to reduce the future consequences on resources and environmental sustainability. The basic assumption behind it is that sustainability, though oriented to resource and meeting demands, starts from the formulation of policy. Policies are so interrelated that all policies have some roles to play toward sustainability. Therefore, sustainability assessment of policies has an important role in driving total sustainable development.

Not all the elements or considerations for sustainability assessment discussed in this publication are equally applicable for all the societies; however, it is expected that a negotiated selection of factors would be needed to consider what elements should have to be emphasized for a particular approach of sustainability assessment. Before presenting a discussion on elements and considerations of sustainability aspects of policy evaluation, we prefer to present a few paragraphs describing the rationale of study and understanding of the present discourse of sustainability.

1.2 Rationale

Sustainability assessment, though a very well known and common term, is rarely conducted for policy reasons. If it is, it is done often for political reasons or to meet the formal conditions of accountability. Typically, the main criteria against which policies are judged are the stated goals of policies that are often vague and reflect sectoral interests. Major improvements in policy evaluation can be made by imposing sustainability as social objectives instead of being subjective to only specific goals of existing policies so that policy evaluation becomes a tool for learning the engagement of policies with other objectives of social development. The current practice is that policy evaluation is often conducted to compensate economic analysis, environmental impact assessment, and poverty and development assessment. Some shortcomings of such practice are that the policy alternatives analyzed in different studies often differ from each other, making systematic comparison difficult and causing opportunities of finding synergies and creative solutions to advanced sustainability objectives to be missed. Sustainability assessment helps to integrate other forms of policy evaluation, thus has potential to contribute in at least in three ways:

1. Integration of different objectives of sustainable development: economic development, poverty reduction, and environmental protection in policy practice.

2. Placement of sustainable development squarely in the policy cycle made up of series of policy actions, from getting a policy problem on the agenda to evaluating the outcomes of the policy.

3. Alignment of policy actions with key components of policy environment—political legitimacy, analytical competence, and institutional capacity—into the policy process. Sustainability evaluation of policy would help to look into all the issues in an integrated way.

In the present global situation, sustainability can only be ensured on the basis of mutual understanding of different nations and participation of all components of a society. In practice, this is not happening. One nation is taking an interest in the resource abundance of another, cooperating, and collaborating in formulating and implementing resource policies specifically to ascertain their own interest; whereas in the past, in the colonial instances, nations used to conflict for resource control. Thus, the outlook for the present concept of sustainability provides a scope for global negotiation and cooperation in place of conflict. This cannot happen overnight. Mutual respect, political and social changes, and changes in power structure have much to contribute to achieving an understanding of sustainability. Thus, a policy for national interest only, without considering global cooperation, is unlikely to sustain—cannot achieve the sustainability goal. Thereby, sustainability assessment is expected to bring global issues to the consideration of local policies.

The climate policies of some developed countries not ratifying the Kyoto protocol may be cited here as examples of self-interest. Sustainability in many developing countries and the present status of resource production do not reflect the present understanding of environmental sustainability (Williams, 1994). The understanding on environmental requirements for production systems is more intense in developed countries than developing countries. However, poverty and ignorance play a salient role in the resource production system of developing countries. Sustainability assessment of policies is expected to reveal such differences in understanding and can lay a roadmap to mitigate the sustainability problems of different countries. This means, if sustainability assessment becomes obligatory, global policies could have the power to persuade local policy makers to include global sustainability concerns in their considerations.

Through sustainability assessment, illustrations on the social and global cognitive bases of the way the sustainability problems are constructed in a community are expected to create some interpretation of social processes that may reduce sustainability problems and may produce factors through which the actors can be mobilized around certain concepts or ideas of common understanding of sustainability problems. Sustainability problems may originate from mutuality of intersocial resource transactions (referred as venture problems) and/or mobility of intrasocial production (referred as maverick problem). Mobilizing actors around “venture” or “maverick” problem requires enlightenment on the cognate bases of the society in question as well as regional or global integrity.

Venture problems that justify presenting community responses from other societies/countries require a cognition on general the nature of the problems. However, in some societies, actors may be found to move from “venture” to “maverick” status depending on the issues of environment and the cost–benefit involved in it. For example, actors from the USA are very concerned and usually consider the issues of environmental sustainability as venture problems, but with the question of emission cuts (e.g., in Rio and the Kyoto protocol), their attitude appeared more “maverick,” influenced by the interests of their own state politics. Thus, inclusion of background issues of communities of a country and/or negotiation of communities of different countries in sustainability evaluation of policies cannot be seen as an entity free from the influence of actors originating from within or across the society. Thereby, explanations of social factors are considered as import components of the sustainability assessment of policy.

In resource and environmental problems, influencing factors may originate from spatial scale (many countries) or temporal scale (past to present); however, contextualizing those factors with society and resource remains an essential component of policy evaluation. Policy evaluation accompanied with the contextualization of problems in spatial and temporal scales may be more convincing to transform a specific issue into a general issue of sustainability. In support, to discuss the contextualizing of issues in a wider scale, a brief discussion is made here for an understanding of discourses explaining why and when sustainability can be a “venture” or “maverick” issue (involving spatial and temporal scales).

1.3 Understanding Discourses

From the discussion in the previous paragraph, it is apparent that an understanding of resource and environmental principles is important to identify/transform global initiative on particular issues of a local resource policy. On the basis of approaches and requirements of sustainability assessment, the relevance of a policy to sustainability discourses of resource and environment may be ascribed on five assumptions:

1. Resource and environmental change is not a temporary phenomenon but is structural in character. Those changes are accompanied by series of problems.

2. Resource and environmental problems have their own meaning associated with the prevailing social order. Douglass (1988) defined destruction of resources and environment as removing them “out of place,” which does not appear to be always true. Things may be portrayed as “out of place” for limits of adoption or adaptation as well. When changes in resource and environment within societies become unacceptable, the changes could be treated as problems.

3. Debates on nature of resource and environmental degradations reflect the contradictions of social developments. Reducing degradation is often considered against the idea of social development, on the other hand, the present mode of social development creates degradation. These sawtooth debates create an impression that resource and environmental degradations are parts of the social development process.

4. The problems of resource and environment can hardly be discussed in their full complexity at a particular time. For example, in the USA the issues of deforestation arose in the early 1900s, soil erosion in the 1930s, pesticide pollution in the 1960s, and resource depletion in the 1970s (Hajer, 1995). Although the problems were related to forest land use, all the problems did not occur at the same time.

5. Resource and environmental issues are discursive and span several branches of knowledge; as a result, addressing all the issues in a single policy is very difficult.

These assumptions of resource and environmental discourses show that understandings on social, political, and physical backgrounds of different countries are important for clarifying the sustainability problems as “venture problem.” The discursive nature of the subject “resource and environment” emphasizes that a thematic background should highlight the particular aspect of policy; otherwise, policy evaluation will be a confusion of resource and environmental discourses. While the physical attributes of resource and environ...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• List of Abbreviations
• Chapter 1. Sustainability Assessment of Policy
• Chapter 2. Sustainability Climate of Policy
• Chapter 3. Characterizing Sustainability Assessment
• Chapter 4. Considerations of Sustainability Assessment
• Chapter 5. Issues of Sustainability Assessment
• Chapter 6. Components of Sustainability Assessment
• Chapter 7. Linkages of Sustainability Assessment
• Chapter 8. Assessment of Policy Instruments
• Chapter 9. Social Perspectives of Sustainability
• Chapter 10. Factors of Sustainability Assessment
• Chapter 11. Tools for Sustainability Assessment
• Chapter 12. Problems in Sustainability Assessment
• Chapter 13. Discussion and Recommendation
• Summary
• References