Oil and Gas Pipelines and Piping Systems

Design, Construction, Management, and Inspection

Alireza Bahadori

• Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing
• Year: 2016
• ISBN:
  9780128038413
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Chemical & Biochemical Engineering
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Oil and Gas Pipelines and Piping Systems: Design, Construction, Management, and Inspection delivers all the critical aspects needed for oil and gas piping and pipeline condition monitoring and maintenance, along with tactics to minimize costly disruptions within operations. Broken up into two logical parts, the book begins with coverage on pipelines, including essential topics, such as material selection, designing for oil and gas central facilities, tank farms and depots, the construction and installment of transportation pipelines, pipe cleaning, and maintenance checklists.

Moving over to piping, information covers piping material selection and designing and construction of plant piping systems, with attention paid to flexibility analysis on piping stress, a must-have component for both refineries with piping and pipeline systems.

Heavily illustrated and practical for engineers and managers in oil and gas today, the book supplies the oil and gas industry with a must-have reference for safe and effective pipeline and piping operations.

• Presents valuable perspectives on pipelines and piping operations specific to the oil and gas industry
• Provides all the relevant American and European codes and standards, as well as English and Metric units for easier reference
• Includes numerous visualizations of equipment and operations, with illustrations from various worldwide case studies and locations

Chapter 1

Transportation Pipelines

Abstract

In designing the pipeline and its associated piping systems, due account should be given to the operation, inspection, and maintenance requirements for the predicted life cycle and the planned conditions and criteria as set by and/or agreed to in advance with the personnel responsible for the operation and maintenance of the pipeline. This chapter provides a baseline for minimum technical requirements and recommended engineering practices for design of pipelines used for transportation of hydrocarbons in oil and gas industries.

Keywords

Pipeline; hydraulic; design; transportation; pipeline stability; corrosivity

This chapter provides a baseline for minimum technical requirements and recommended engineering practices for design of pipelines used for transportation of hydrocarbons in Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Industries.

1.1 Fluid Categories

Based on the hazard potential of a fluid transported in the pipeline, it should be categorized in one of the following four groups (Table 1.1).

Table 1.1

Fluid Categories

Category	Description	Example
A	Nonflammable, stable and nontoxic fluids that are in liquid form at ambient temperature and 50 kPa (0.5 bar) above atmospheric pressure, i.e., having vapor pressure lower than 150 kPa (1.5 bar) (abs) at ambient temperature	Water, slurries
B	Flammable, or unstable or toxic fluids that are in liquid form at ambient temperature and 50 kPa (0.5 bar) above atmospheric pressure, i.e., having vapor pressure lower than 150 kPa (1.5 bar) (abs) at ambient temperature	Stabilized crude, gas oil
C	Nonflammable, stable, nontoxic fluids that are in gaseous form or a mixture of gas and liquid at ambient temperature and 50 kPa (0.5 bar) above atmospheric pressure, i.e., having vapor pressure higher than 150 kPa (1.5 bar) (abs) at ambient temperature	Nitrogen, carbon dioxide
D	Flammable, unstable, or toxic fluids that are in gaseous form or a mixture of gas and liquid at ambient temperature and 50 kPa (0.5 bar) above atmospheric pressure, i.e., having vapor pressure higher than 150 kPa (1.5 bar) (abs) at ambient temperature	Natural gas, LPG, ammonia

1.2 Design

The relevant sections of ANSI/ASME and API codes and standards referred to and supplemented by this chapter should be used for design of the pipeline in which the operating conditions and requirements, ease of inspection and maintenance, environmental conditions, safety requirements, geographic location, climatic, geotechnic, and seismic conditions as well as future changes and expansions should be taken into account over the pipeline entire projected life cycle, including its final abandonment.

1.2.1 Operational Requirements

In designing the pipeline and its associated piping systems, due account should be given to the operation, inspection, and maintenance requirements for the predicted life cycle and the planned conditions and criteria as set by and/or agreed to in advance with the personnel responsible for the operation and maintenance of the pipeline. Due regard should also be given to manning levels, pipeline condition monitoring and maintenance system, remote operations, communications, means of access to the right-of-way, by-pass requirements for components needing regular maintenance without interruption of the pipeline operation, etc.

1.2.2 Economic Considerations (Optimization)

When there are alternatives for designing and constructing a pipeline, an economic analysis should be carried out to determine the optimum design specifications to meet the specified operating requirements with the highest technical integrity in the best possible way at the lowest possible cost. The analysis should consider the following parameters as well as other factors that could have significant cost implications on the one hand and safety risks and environmental impacts on the othe...