Finite Physical Dimensions Optimal Thermodynamics 1

Fundamentals

Michel Feidt

• Publisher: ISTE Press - Elsevier
• Year: 2017
• Print ISBN: 9781785482328
• eBook ISBN: 9780081023495
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Thermodynamics

Energy and the environment are inextricably linked to the economy. Thermodynamics therefore seems to be a privileged tool in overcoming the constraints associated with optimization.This first volume reports on an original, contemporary approach leading to optimal solutions in the form of trend models, proving the existence of solutions which can then be refined in a more complete and sophisticated manner.The validation of the proposed methodology is realized through real-life examples (engines, heat pumps, refrigeration systems, etc.). However, the more fundamental aspects linked to the dynamics of the transfer and conversion of energy and matter are also explored, as well as the evolution which characterizes the second law of thermodynamics.This book presents recent advances, often still undergoing research, as well as structured exercises, and is therefore aimed at both students and researchers in the field of energetics.- It proposes a view of the evolution of knowledge regarding the thermodynamics modeling of systems and processes- It shows results and also the existence of optimum all and along the development- It focuses on multidisciplinary approach that characterizes thermodynamics

1

From Thermostatics to Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics

Abstract

Equilibrium thermodynamics (ET) should be called thermostatics. It is a young science, with a particularly marked development around 1800, though it appears that the first thermomechanical machine in the form of an aeolipile (steam turbine dating from around the 1st Century AD) was invented by Heron of Alexandria.

Keywords

Calorimetry; Carnot; Entropy balance; Mass transfers; Matter; Real fluids; Steam engines; Temperature; Thermochemistry; Thermokinetics; Thermostatics

1.1 Equilibrium thermodynamics, a brief history

Equilibrium thermodynamics (ET) should be called thermostatics. It is a young science, with a particularly marked development around 1800, though it appears that the first thermomechanical machine in the form of an aeolipile (steam turbine dating from around the 1st Century AD) was invented by Heron of Alexandria.

Figure 1.1 Aeolipile designed by Heron of Alexandria, image dating from 1876

The view elaborated here does not claim to be historical truth. It is a non-chronological report that means no offence to the many well-known contributors who have not been mentioned, and whom the reader is encouraged to research independently, as an exercise.

Exercise 1.1

Compile a chronological list of renowned thermodynamicists and their contribution to thermodynamics.

1.1.1 Temperature and its measurement

The notions of hot and cold are well known to human beings. The experience of touch, in relation to body temperature, is common to all. It leads directly to what is known as the zeroth law of thermodynamics. This can be stated as follows:

Two systems that are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

In practice, this principle has enabled the development of solid, liquid and gas thermometers, which use the size variations of substances in relation to various scales, one of the most common being temperature measured in degrees Celsius (°C). Over time, the measurement process has made use of many other thermophysical properties, such as thermoelectric properties (Seebeck effect), which are exploited in thermocouples.

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Table of contents

• Cover
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• List of Notations and Acronyms
• 1: From Thermostatics to Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics
• 2: Heat Exchangers
• 3: From Carnot Cycle to Carnot Heat Engine: A Case Study
• 4: Internal Combustion Engines Revisited
• 5: Combustion Turbines and Other Heat Engines
• 6: Reverse Cycle Machines
• Conclusion and Perspectives
• Appendix 1: Fluids
• Appendix 2: Mathematics
• Bibliography
• Index