1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 The Pillars 8
Pillar 1. AA Is a Tool 9
Pillar 2. The Definition of âScienceâ 9
Pillar 3. The Concepts of âScienceâ and âScientific Truthâ 9
Pillar 4. The AA Model of Scientific Thinking 16
Pillar 5. On the Meaning of âDescriptionâ and âUnderstandingâ 26
Pillar 6. The Triangle of Understanding 27
Pillar 7. The Relationship Between the AA Model of Thinking and the Triangle of Understanding 31
Pillar 8. Language 31
Pillar 9. The Definition of Definition 32
Pillar 10. Scientific Hypotheses, Models, Theories, Laws, Explanations, Metaphors, and Metaphoric Models 32
Pillar 11. Creativity in Science 37
Pillar 12. Scientific Communication 38
Pillar 13. Sound and Unsound Models 38
Pillar 14. The Role of Refutation in Science 41
Pillar 15. The Practical Versus Theoretical Significance of Exposing Delusors 42
Pillar 16. Paradigm Nests 42
Pillar 17. âForwardâ and âBackwardâ Scientific Research 44
Pillar 18. The Meaning of âNewâ Scientific Result 45
Pillar 19. The Meaning of âSignificantâ Scientific Result 47
Pillar 20. Reporting Scientific Results 48
Pillar 21. The âSpidericâ Nature of a Scientific Problem 48
Pillar 22. AA in the Context of the Literature and Other Initiatives Addressing Cognitive Errors 49
Pillar 23. âEveryday Thinkingâ Versus âScientific Thinkingâ 51
Pillar 24. The Trap-Experience 52
Pillar 25. The Dual Nature of Mental Traps 52
Pillar 26. Mental Traps in Relation to Scientific Knowledge and Intellect (âEducated Errorâ) 52
Pillar 27. The Relationship and Synergy of Mental Traps 53
Pillar 28. Identifying the Mental Traps 54
Pillar 29. Trap-Blindness and Avoiding Mental Traps 54
Pillar 30. Trap-Consciousness and the âSacrednessâ of Science 54
1.3 Mental Traps (Mind Your Mind!) 55
Interlude 55
Mental Trap (Master Trap) #1. We Seek Mental Security (the âEnjoy-Your-Flightâ Effect) 55
Mental Trap (Master Trap) #2. We Have An Instinctive Urge to Interpret Data 57
Mental Trap (Master Trap) #3. Belief Dominates Over Reason 57
Mental Trap #4. The Initial Belief Syndrome 59
Mental Trap #5. We Accept Anecdotal Evidence 59
Mental Trap #6. We Tend to Trust Authority Without Question (Might is Right) 60
Mental Trap #7. We Go With the Crowd (Herd Instinct) 60
Mental Trap #8. We Accept Knowledge Based on Tradition 61
Mental Trap #9. We Think Inside Our Paradigm Nests 61
Mental Trap #10. We Accept Intuitively Appealing Explanations 62
Mental Trap #11. We Confuse Mathematical Descriptions with a Physical Understanding 62
Mental Trap #12. We Project the Absolute Truths of Mathematics Onto Physics 63
Mental Trap #13. Reflective Versus Reflexive âPhysicalizationâ of Abstract Mathematical Entities 63
Mental Trap #14. We Confuse Familiarity with Understanding 65
Interlude 66
Mental Trap #15. The Twin Devils of Detail and Entirety 67
Mental Trap #16. Our Mind Loves Metaphors 68
Mental Trap #17. We Are Inclined to Use Superficial Analogies 69
Interlude 69
Mental Trap #18. We Confuse the Model with Reality 69
Mental Trap #19. We Attribute Too Broad a Range of Application to a Model 70
Mental Trap #20. We Confuse a Modelâs Inherent Limitations with Its Flaws 71
Mental Trap #21. The Donât-Look-Any-Further Effect (Confusing Consistency with Correctness) 71
Mental Trap #22. We Rejoice Before Finding the Full Solution 72
Mental Trap #23. Hypothesis Obsession (The Lock-On, Lock-Out Effect) 73
Mental Trap #24. We Seek Novelty-Promising Solutions (The âAnti-Occamâ Trap) 73
Mental Trap #25. We Confuse Experimental Evidence with Interpretational Evidence 74
Mental Trap #26. We Confuse Cause and Effect 74
Mental Trap #27. We See Illusory Correlations Between Unrelated Data 75
Mental Trap #28. We Resist Change 75
Mental Trap #29. We Seek to Confirm 76
Interlude 76
Mental Trap #30. Our Mental Perception Is Preferentially Black-and-White 76
Mental Trap #31. We Petrify Assumptions 77
Mental Trap #32. We Objectify Subjective Claims 77
Mental Trap #33. We Disambiguate Our Conclusions 78
Mental Trap #34. We Ignore the Path Leading to a Conclusion 79
Mental Trap #35. We Are Spellbound by Numbers, Graphs, and Mathematical and Chemical Formulas 79
Interlude 79
Mental Trap #36. Affect/Emotycal Heuristic 80
Interlude 81
Mental Trap #37. We Overplay the Meaning of Scientific Truth 82
Mental Trap #38. We Confuse Deductive and Inductive Statements 82
Mental Trap #39. We Love to Generalize (Hasty Induction) 83
Mental Trap #40. We Prefer Quantity Over Quality 83
Mental Trap #41. Semantic Space 84
Mental Trap #42. The Halo Effect 86
Mental Trap #43. Warped Team Dynamics 86
Mental Trap #44. The Prepublication Illusion of Knowledge 88
Mental Trap #45. The Mental Trap of Becoming Obsessed with Mental Traps 89
1.4 Summary 89
Acknowledgments 92
References 92