Microbiome and Metabolome in Diagnosis, Therapy, and other Strategic Applications

Joel Faintuch, Salomao Faintuch

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2019
• Print ISBN:
  9780128152492
• eBook ISBN:
  9780128152508
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Biology
• Index: Biological Sciences

Microbiome and Metabolome in Diagnosis, Therapy, and Other Strategic Applications is the first book to simultaneously cover the microbiome and the metabolome in relevant clinical conditions. In a pioneering fashion, it addresses not only the classic intestinal environment, but also the oral, gastric, lung, skin and vaginal microbiome that is in line with the latest investigations. Nonbacterial microbiomes, such as fungi and viruses are not overlooked, and the plasma microbiome is also discussed. As plasma, brain, placenta, tumor cells, and other sterile fluids and tissues, are increasingly recognized to potentially host a microbiome, albeit a limited one, this is a timely resource. The book's editors were fortunate to have the input of renowned collaborators from nearly all continents. This is truly an international effort that brings the latest in the field to students and professionals alike. - Provides comprehensive coverage on diagnosis, therapy, pharmacotherapy and disease prevention in context of the microbiome and metabolome - Focuses on the proposed physiological or pathological conditions - Presents an up-to-date, useful reference

Block IV

Diagnostic and Therapeutical Applications

Outline

Chapter 22. The Microbiome and Metabolome in Metabolic Syndrome

Chapter 23. Germ-Free Mouse Technology in Cardiovascular Research

Chapter 24. The Gut Microbiome After Bariatric Surgery

Chapter 25. Gut Dysbiosis in Arterial Hypertension: A Candidate Therapeutic Target for Blood Pressure Management

Chapter 26. The Emerging Role of Microbiome–Gut–Brain Axis in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders

Chapter 27. The Microbiome and Metabolome in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Chapter 28. The Microbiome and Metabolome in Alcoholic Liver Disease

Chapter 29. Germ-Free Mouse Technology in Cardiovascular Research

Chapter 30. Gut Microbiome in the Elderly Hospitalized Patient: A Marker of Disease and Prognosis?

Chapter 31. The Lung Microbiome, Metabolome, and Breath Volatolome in the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Disease

Chapter 32. The Oral, Genital and Gut Microbiome in HIV Infection

Chapter 33. The Gut Microbiome in Autoimmune Diseases

Chapter 34. The Gut Microbiome and Metabolome in Multiple Sclerosis

Chapter 35. Germ-Free Mouse Technology in Cardiovascular Research

Chapter 36. The Gut Microbiome in Chronic Kidney Disease

Chapter 37. Dysbiosis in Benign and Malignant Diseases of the Exocrine Pancreas

Chapter 38. Importance of the Microbiome and the Metabolome in Cancer

Chapter 39. The Microbiome in Graft Versus Host Disease

Chapter 40. Impact of the Gut Microbiome on Behavior and Emotions

Chapter 22

The Microbiome and Metabolome in Metabolic Syndrome

Rigoberto Pallares-Méndez¹, and Carla Fernández-Reynoso^{2 1}Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio Gonzalez” Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México ²Centro de Estudios Universitarios Xochicalco, Tijuana, México

Abstract

The representation of the gut microbiota has an important role on the interplay for metabolic homeostasis. An obese microbiota phenotype affects energy harvesting and expenditure. Microbiota transfer from the obese phenotype promotes weight gain and metabolic disturbances. A rich-fat diet affects the gut microbiota and promotes lipopolysaccharide uptake by chylomicrons, which induce inflammatory pathways through Toll-like receptor 4–dependent mechanisms; in addition, the gut microbiota seems to modulate the differentiation of Th17 cells and Treg cells on small intestine, adipose tissue, and liver, which has been correlated with insulin resistance; furthermore, the endocrine regulatory function of bile acids is enhanced by a richer colon microbiota and favors the incretin system on the host and thus glucose homeostasis and satiety. Prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplant promise to be a useful therapeutic approach to obesity and metabolic disturbances, as they have shown to enhance glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity.

Keywords

Endotoxemia; Fecal microbiota transplant; Insulin resistance; Metabolome; Microbiome; Microbiota; Obesity; Prebiotics; Probiotics; T2D

The gut microbiota is individually influenced by the environment of each portion of the gastrointestinal tract. The colonic microbiota is mainly regulated by the degradation of nondigestible carbohydrates. Microbiota functions include polysaccharide digestion, immune system enhancement, vitamin synthesis, and fat storage. The microbiome varies according to the individual dietary behavior, cultural habits, previous surgeries, antibiotic (AB) use, and genetic inheritance, giving the host a specific symbiotic functioning [1].

Relevant Microbial Populations

Bacterial colonization starts after birth, reaching a more stable state at 3 years of age, when the microbiota is more similar to that from the adult host. Even so, a high intraindividual variability exists and a core gut microbiota has been identified. Around 90% of gut microbiota is constituted by Firmicutes (mostly Gram-positive), Bacteroidetes (mostly Gram-negative), Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria [2]. The genes of the microbiome encode proteins for host survival that are not encoded by the human genome, the microbiome being considered as a “forgotten organ” [2,3]. Up to 1057 bacterial species have been recognized in the gut microbiota, which correspond to the Bacteria domain, the principal one, in addition to Archaea and Eukarya (or Eukaryota) [4,5].

Clostridium spp., Streptococcus spp., and coliforms are the dominant phylogenetic groups in the small intestine. The microbial composition of the small intestine is regulated by the uptake of simple carbohydrates (glucose, mannose, fructose) through the phosphotransferase system (PTS), carbohydrate fermentation, and amino acid metabolism. The distal gut microbiota is mainly regulated by the fermentation of nondigestible carbohydrates, mainly polysaccharides. This microbial composition regulates short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) absorption, liver processing, and adipocyte deposition, through an interaction between gut microbiota and host genes, supporting the evidence of the mechanisms for increased energy absorption and storage observed on obese hosts [1,6].

Firmicutes represent between 50% and 80% of the gut microbiota in healthy individuals, being the most diverse and abundant phylum. High bacterial diversity is associated with a healthy status, whereas low bacterial diversity is associated with obesity and inflammatory diseases. Obese phenotypes show a lower relative representation of Bacteroidetes and higher relative representation of Firmicutes than their lean counterparts. It has been observed in animal models that weight reduction after diet-induced obesity restores the relative representation of gut microbiota, increasing the relative Bacteroidetes abundance and decreasing that of the Firmicutes [7].

In Vivo Models

Microbiota transfer from Western diet (high in saturated and unsaturated fat + sucrose) fed mice to germ-free (GF) mice promotes the obesity phenotype and increases weight and adipose tissue when compared with mice fed with a carbohydrate ri...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Contributors
• Introduction to the Microbiome and Metabolome
• Useful Internet Sites
• Block I. Tools, Toolstations and Models
• Block II. Background Information
• Block III. Established and Experimental Interventions
• Block IV. Diagnostic and Therapeutical Applications
• Block V. Applications for Foods, Drugs, and Xenobiotics
• Block VI. Challenges and Promises for the Future
• Microbiome and Metabolome Glossary
• Index