Bio-optical Modeling and Remote Sensing of Inland Waters

Deepak R. Mishra, Igor Ogashawara, Anatoly Abraham Gitelson, DEEPAK R. MISHRA

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2017
• Print ISBN: 9780128046449
• eBook ISBN: 9780128046548
• Topic: Ciencias físicas
• Subtopic: Hidrología

Bio-optical Modeling and Remote Sensing of Inland Waters presents the latest developments, state-of-the-art, and future perspectives of bio-optical modeling for each optically active component of inland waters, providing a broad range of applications of water quality monitoring using remote sensing. Rather than discussing optical radiometry theories, the authors explore the applications of these theories to inland aquatic environments.The book not only covers applications, but also discusses new possibilities, making the bio-optical theories operational, a concept that is of great interest to both government and private sector organizations. In addition, it addresses not only the physical theory that makes bio-optical modeling possible, but also the implementation and applications of bio-optical modeling in inland waters.Early chapters introduce the concepts of bio-optical modeling and the classification of bio-optical models and satellite capabilities both in existence and in development. Later chapters target specific optically active components (OACs) for inland waters and present the current status and future direction of bio-optical modeling for the OACs. Concluding sections provide an overview of a governance strategy for global monitoring of inland waters based on earth observation and bio-optical modeling.- Presents comprehensive chapters that each target a different optically active component of inland waters- Contains contributions from respected and active professionals in the field- Presents applications of bio-optical modeling theories that are applicable to researchers, professionals, and government agencies

Chapter 1

Remote Sensing of Inland Waters

Background and Current State-of-the-Art

Igor Ogashawara¹, Deepak R. Mishra² and Anatoly A. Gitelson^3,4, ¹Indiana University—Purdue University at Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, United States, ²University of Georgia (UGA), Athens, GA, United States, ³Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, ⁴University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL), Lincoln, NE, United States

Abstract

Inland waters are important providers of ecological, environmental, hydrological, and socioeconomic services to mankind. Due to several advantages, remote sensing techniques have been frequently used to monitor inland waters worldwide. This area of remote sensing research has been intensively developed in the last 30 years primarily using the concepts and theories from optical oceanography. The main goal of this chapter is to introduce the basic physical principles used in remote sensing to monitor inland water quality and to introduce the terminology used in the rest of the book. This chapter also summarizes the definitions, history, and categorization of bio-optical algorithms for the estimation of total suspended solids, colored dissolved organic matter, chlorophyll-a, and phycocyanin. Finally, a brief description of each proceeding chapter has been provided as part of the “book content” section.

Keywords

Inland waters; remote sensing; bio-optical modeling; terminology

1.1 Inland Waters

This book is designed to highlight the theories, past developments, and current state-of-the-art knowledge in bio-optical modeling of inland waters. This area of remote sensing research has been intensively developed in the last 30 years primarily using the concepts and theories from optical oceanography. The focus of this book is squarely placed on inland waters because of the lack of a coherent and comprehensive synthesis of multidecadal bio-optical research on this important environment. Inland waters are aquatic environments typically confined within the land boundaries and provide exceptionally important ecological, environmental, hydrological, and socioeconomic services to mankind and the environment. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, a taskforce initiated by United Nations Secretary-General in 2001, generated a list of services provided by or derived from inland waters which were divided into four categories: provisioning (i.e., food supply, water supply, and biodiversity); regulating (i.e., climate regulation, hydrological flows, and pollution control); cultural (i.e., recreational, aesthetic, and educational); and supporting (i.e., soil formation, nutrient cycling, and pollination) (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment MEA, 2005).

The term “inland waters” is used wherever possible unless a specific ecosystem type is mentioned, such as lakes, reservoirs, rivers, ponds, swamps, wetlands, and even coastal areas. Inland waters represent an extremely diverse environment including a broad array of shapes and sizes, and physical, chemical, and optical properties. For example, inland waters could be fresh (Caspian Sea, western Asia-eastern Europe; Great Lakes, USA), saline (Dead Sea, Middle East), or brackish (Lake Pontchartrain, USA; Lake Chilika, India). The extent and distribution of inland waters is poorly and unevenly known at the global scale, since their size varies from small (i.e., ponds) to very large (i.e., Great Lakes) often creating inconsistencies in detection and inventory over broad geographic scale. Verpoorter et al. (2014) used GeoCover product developed using imageries from Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM⁺) onboard Landsat-7 satellite to map all inland water bodies greater than 0.002 km². Their findings contained geographic and morphometric information for approximately 117 million inland aquatic systems with a combined surface area of approximately 5×10⁶ km². Although inland waters only comprise a small percentage of Earth’s total land surface, they play an essential role in biogeochemical cycle and are very important in the history of mankind (Bastviken et al., 2011).

Inland water bodies serve as sentinels to changing environment, such as climate change, developmental pressure, and land use land cover change. Rapid and uncontrolled environmental change, such as deforestation and reduction of vegetation cover, nutrient pollution, drought, urbanization, and engineered modifications to watershed most often result in negative impact including accelerated eutrophication, proliferation of toxic blue-green algae, extreme turbidity and deterioration of water clarity, loss of aquatic benthos, and harmful effect on human and animal health. Considering the vital uses of inland waters, water quality management needs to be a top priority for environmental regulatory agencies around the world. The National Research Council (NRC) published a comprehensive report entitled “The Drama of the Commons” highlighting seven key challenges in environmental resource management (National Research Council NRC, 2002). Included among those were “low-cost enforcement of rules” and “monitoring the resource and users’ compliance with rules,” which highlighted the need for a low-cost environmental monitoring program using remote sensing technologies. Rapid monitoring surveys using remote sensing should be conducted frequently along with less frequent field-based methods as an effective water quality management strategy (Ostrom et al., 2003). A...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• List of Contributors
• Abbreviations and Notations
• Chapter 1. Remote Sensing of Inland Waters: Background and Current State-of-the-Art
• Chapter 2. Radiative Transfer Theory for Inland Waters
• Chapter 3. Atmospheric Correction for Inland Waters
• Chapter 4. Bio-optical Modeling of Colored Dissolved Organic Matter
• Chapter 5. Bio-optical Modeling of Total Suspended Solids
• Chapter 6. Bio-optical Modeling of Phytoplankton Chlorophyll-a
• Chapter 7. Bio-optical Modeling of Sun-Induced Chlorophyll-a Fluorescence
• Chapter 8. Bio-optical Modeling of Phycocyanin
• Chapter 9. Bio-optical Modeling and Remote Sensing of Aquatic Macrophytes
• Index