Characterization and Treatment of Textile Wastewater

Himanshu Patel, R. T. Vashi

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2015
• Print ISBN: 9780128023266
• eBook ISBN: 9780128025659
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Environmental Science
• Index: Biological Sciences

Characterization and Treatment of Textile Wastewater covers fundamental knowledge of characterization of textile wastewater and adsorbents; naturally prepared adsorption and coagulation process for removal of COD, BOD and color. This book is intended for everyone actively working on the environment, especially for researchers in textile wastewater, as the problem of disposal of textile influent is worldwide. Potential technical environmental persons like engineers, project managers, consultants, and water analysts will find this book immediately useful for fine-tuning performance and reliability.This book will also be of interest to individuals who want effective knowledge of wastewater, adsorption and coagulation.- Includes definitions of pollutions, sources of wastewater in textile wastewater, various treatment methods, remedial measures and effect of waste- Examines research carried out and in progress worldwide by different researchers- Covers sampling procedures and determination of various parameters of textile wastewater

Chapter 1

Introduction

Abstract

This chapter begins with an overview of the current environment system, including the definition of environment and pollution. Water pollution is created from various human activities like population explosion, haphazard rapid urbanization, and industrial and technological expansion producing effluent, in which the textile industry, one of the essential and largest sectors, consumes a large amount of water and generates a substantial quantity of water. Detailed general processes (dry and wet) of textile wastewater with their usage of chemicals with flowchart are exposed. Also, major pollutant/chemical types and effluent composition per processes were integrated, which indicates wastewater coming from textile processes is highly polluted. Traditional (primary, secondary, batch, and sludge conditioning) and advanced treatments (adsorption, coagulation, and neutralization) of wastewater for contamination removal are discussed. Remedial measurement and hazardous effect of wastewater, especially on biotic components like aquatic and terrestrial components, are mentioned, if it is disposed to the environment directly.

Keywords

Environmental chemistry

Pollution

Dyeing industrial process

Treatment and characterization of wastewater

Remedial measurements

Contents

1.1 Current scenario of environment 2

1.2 General processes in dyeing industry 5

1.2.1 Dry process 5

1.2.2 Wet process 5

Singeing 6

Desizing 7

Kiering 7

Bleaching 7

Mercerizing 7

Dyeing 8

Finishing 8

1.3 Sources of wastewater 8

1.4 Characteristics of wastewater 9

1.5 Treatment of wastewater 10

1.5.1 Primary treatments 12

1.5.2 Secondary treatments 12

1.5.3 Batch treatment 13

1.5.4 Sludge conditioning 13

1.5.5 Physicochemical treatments (advanced treatment) 14

Adsorption 14

Coagulation 14

Neutralization 15

1.6 Remedial measures 16

1.7 Effect of wastes 17

1.7.1 Toxicity to fish and fish food 17

1.7.2 Effect on human beings 17

1.7.3 Effect on sewers 18

1.7.4 Effect on sewage treatment processes 18

References 18

List of Figure

Figure 1.1 Flowchart of general textile wet processes.

List of Tables

Table 1.1 Major Pollutant Types in Textile Wastewaters and Their Origin

Table 1.2 Effluent Characteristic from Textile Industry

1.1 Current Scenario of Environment

The environment is the sum of all social, economical, biological, physical, and chemical factors, which constitutes the surrounding of humans. The relationship of humankind with the environment is symbiotic. The environment is complex and dynamic in which all life forms are interdependent.^1–3 The environment performs three basic functions in relation to humankind. First, it provides living space and other amenities that make life qualitatively rich for humankind. Second, the environment is a source of agricultural, mineral, water, and other resources that are consumed directly or indirectly by humans. Third, the environment is a sink where all the waste produced by humans is assimilated. It is essential that the capacity of the environment to perform these functions is not impaired; thus, it explains our general concern for it. It is important, therefore, that due to stresses imposed on the environment, the rate of exploitation of resources does not exceed nature's capacity to reproduce them.

Environmental chemistry is the chemistry that generally focuses on the chemical phenomena in the environment. It deals with chemical composition, structure, properties, reactions, transport, effects, and fate of different chemical spices in the environment—air, water, soil, and their effects on living organisms particularly human beings. Humans live in the natural world of beautiful plants, animals, fresh air, clean water, and fertile soil that fulfill all their basic needs such as food, water, and shelter. Human populations and their activities, for example, industrialization, urbanization, and deforestation, have grown at alarming rates that in turn accelerate the extraction and modification of our environment to such an extent that threatens both our continued existence and that of many organisms. Humans have been continuously disturbing the delicate balance of nature and are changing the basic characteristics of the environment by removing some of its essential components; as a result, almost every aspect of modern living possesses a potential health risk. The environment encompasses everything that is around us, that is, air, water, and land. Air, water, and land have been contaminated with chemical additives called “pollutants.”^4–7

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment, of whatever predetermined or agreed upon proportions or frame of reference; these contaminants cause instability, disorder, harm, or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms therein. Pollution of water may be defined as the addition of undesirable substances or unwanted foreign matter into the water bodies, thereby adversely altering natural quality of water. It is of vital concern to humankind, since it is directly linked with human welfare.⁸

Science and technology, as part of their contribution to economic and social development, must be applied to the identification, avoidance, and control of environmental risks and the solution of environmental problems and for the common good of humankind. Humans have the fundamental right to freedom, quality, and adequate conditions of life, in an environment of quality that permits a life of dignity and well-being, and they bear a solemn responsibility to protect and improve the environment for the present and future generations. In this respect, policies promoting or perpetuating apartheid, racial segregation, discrimination, colonial and other forms of oppression, and foreign domination stand condemned and must be eliminated.

Water is obviously an important topic in environmental science; it is a vitally important substance in all parts of the environment. Water covers about 70% of Earth's surface. It occurs in all spheres of the environment—in the oceans as a vast reservoir of saltwater, on land as surface water in lakes and rivers, underground as groundwater, in the atmosphere as water vapor, and in the polar ice caps as solid ice. Water is an essential part of all living systems and is the medium from which life evolved and in which life exists.⁹ Continuous economic development and growth of the developed and developing countries around the world lead to a considerable increase of water demand. The worldwide demand for high-quality water resources will be difficult to meet in the foreseeable future because of dwindling supply. The imbalance in the demand and supply of water resources will become a major problem confronting every country in the incoming few decades.¹⁰

Water quality characteristics of aquatic environments arise from the multitude of physical, chemical, and biological interactions. Water bodies like rivers, lakes, and estuaries are continuously subject to a dynamic state of change with respect to their geologic age and geochemical characteristics. This is demonstrated by continuous circulation, transformation, and accumulation of energy and matter through the medium of living things and their activity. This dynamic balance in the aquatic ecosystem is upset by human activity, resulting in pollution that is manifested dramatically as fish kill, offensive taste and odor, etc. Water quality c...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Acknowledgment
• Chapter 1: Introduction
• Chapter 2: Characterization of Textile Wastewater
• Chapter 3: Feasibility of Naturally Prepared Adsorbent
• Chapter 4: Batch Adsorption Treatment of Textile Wastewater
• Chapter 5: Fixed-Bed Column Studies of Dyeing Mill Wastewater Treatment Using Naturally Prepared Adsorbents
• Chapter 6: Use of Naturally Prepared Coagulants for the Treatment of Wastewater from Dyeing Mills
• Index