Surface Modification of Magnesium and its Alloys for Biomedical Applications

Biological Interactions, Mechanical Properties and Testing

T.S.N. Sankara Narayanan, Il-Song Park, Min-Ho Lee

• Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
• Year: 2015
• Print ISBN: 9781782420774
• eBook ISBN: 9781782420828
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Medical Technology & Supplies
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Surface modification of magnesium and its alloys for biomedical applications: Biological interactions, mechanical properties and testing, the first of two volumes, is an essential guide on the use of magnesium as a degradable implant material. Due to their excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, magnesium based degradable implants provide a viable option for the permanent metallic implants. This volume focuses on the fundamental concepts of surface modification of magnesium, its biological interactions, mechanical properties and, in vitro and in vivo testing. The contents of volume 1 is organized and presented in three parts. Part 1 reviews the fundamental aspects of surface modification of magnesium, including surface design, opportunities, challenges and its role in revolutionizing biodegradable biomaterials. Part 2 addresses the biological and mechanical properties covering an in vivo approach to the bioabsorbable behavior of magnesium alloys, mechanical integrity and, the effects of amino acids and proteins on the performance of surface modified magnesium. Part 3 delves in to testing and characterization, exploring the biocompatibility and effects on fatigue life alongside the primary characteristics of surface modified magnesium. All chapters are written by experts, this two volume series provides systematic and thorough coverage of all major modification technologies and coating types of magnesium and its alloys for biomedical applications. - Expert analysis of the fundamentals in surface modification of magnesium and its alloys for biomedical applications - Includes biological interactions and mechanical properties - Focuses on testing and characterisation, as well as biocompatibility

Part One

Fundamentals of surface-modified magnesium and magnesium alloys for biomedical applications

Outline

1. Revolutionising biodegradable biomaterials – significance of magnesium and its alloys

2. Surface modification of magnesium and its alloys for biomedical applications: opportunities and challenges

3. Surface design of biodegradable magnesium alloys for biomedical applications

1

Revolutionising biodegradable biomaterials – significance of magnesium and its alloys

Andrejs Atrens The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia

Abstract

Researchers in this area of biodegradable magnesium (Mg) medical implant applications should understand key aspects of Mg metallurgy and corrosion. Mg has unique features that can lead to misleading or erroneous conclusions. Mg behaviour is different from that of other metals, so there are traps for the unwary. Researchers should consult the prior literature. Extensive references are provided. This chapter focuses on recent developments, under the subheadings: (1) corrosion of Mg alloys, (2) ultra-pure Mg, (3) measurement of Mg corrosion, (4) in vitro and in vivo comparison, (5) Mg corrosion mechanism, and (6) galvanic corrosion. Important points are summarised in the final section.

Keywords

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; Galvanic corrosion; High-purity Mg; Hydrogen evolution method; In vitro; In vivo; Mg corrosion; Mg–Fe phase diagram; Plug-in specimen; Tafel extrapolation; Tolerance level; Ultra-pure Mg; Weight loss

1.1. Introduction

Biodegradable medical implant applications are a relatively new area for magnesium (Mg) alloys (Atrens, Liu, & Zainal Abidin, 2011; Atrens, Liu, Zainal Abidin, & Song, 2011; Carboneras, Garcia-Alonso, & Escudero, 2011; Hänzi, Gerber, Schinhammer, Löffler, & Uggowitzer, 2010; Kalb, Rzany, & Hensel, 2012; Kraus et al., 2012; Lei Tang, Cai, Feng, & Li, 2012; Remennik, Bartsch, Willbold, & Witte, 2011; Salunke, Shanov, & Witte, 2011; Virtanen, 2011; Witte, 2010; Zainal Abidin, Atrens, Martin, & Atrens, 2011; Zainal Abidin, Martin, & Atrens, 2011; Zainal Abidin et al., 2013; Zberg, Uggowitzer, & Loeffler, 2009; Zhou et al., 2011). There is a considerable recent literature on this topic (Bobe et al., in press; Bornapour, Muja, Shum-Tim, Cerruti, & Pekguleryuz, 2013; Brar, Ball, Bergland, Allen, & Manuel, 2013; Brar, Wong, & Manuel, 2012; Carboneras et al., 2011; Castellani et al., 2011; Choudhary, 2012; Erdmann et al., 2011; Gastaldi et al., 2011; Ge, Dellasega, Demir, & Vedani, in press; González et al., 2012; Gu, Xie, Li, Zheng, & Qin, 2012; Jang, Collins, Sankar, & Yun, in press; Kraus et al., 2012; Kubásek, Vojtěch, Lipov, & Ruml, 2013; Kuhlmann et al., in press; Li & Zheng, in press; Li, Shih, Parish, & Atrens, 2012; Li et al., in press; Mao et al., 2012; Qiu et al., 2013; Rad, Idris, Kadir, & Farahany, 2012; Salunke et al., 2011; Scheideler et al., in press; Tan, Yu, Wan, & Yang, in press; Vojtěch, Kubásek, Šerák, & Novák, 2011;Wang et al., 2011; Willbold, Kaya, Kaya, Beckmann & Witte, 2011; Yang et al., in press; Zhang et al., 2012; Zhang, Wang, Tuan, & Xue, 2012; Zhao, Shi, & Xu, 2013; Zong et al., 2012). The implant biodegrades after it has completed its function as an implant. Key to this application is an understanding of the corrosion behaviour of Mg alloys. This understanding should make use of the extensive existing research, which has been carried out and is being carried out, for the use of Mg alloys in other applications, particularly transport (auto construction, aerospace) (Song & Atrens, 2003).

It is vital for researchers in this area to understand key aspects about Mg metallurgy and Mg corrosion. There are unique features concerning Mg that make the study of Mg corrosion fascinating, but can lead to misleading or erroneous conclusions if appropriate care is not taken. Clearly, care must be taken in all research; however, Mg behaves differently than other metals, so there are more traps for the unwary.

Researchers interested in Mg for biodegradable applications are urged to consult the prior literature, particularly the recent reviews (Atrens, Liu, Zainal Abidin, 2011; Atrens, Liu, Zainal Abidin, & Song, 2011). It is not the intention to repeat (or even summarise) herein all the information contained therein. Researchers should also consult our other prior reviews on Mg corrosion (Atrens, Winzer, Dietzel, Srinivasan, & Song, 2011; Atrens, Dietzel, Srinivasan, Winzer, & Kannan, 2011, Atrens, Shi, & Song, 2011; Song & Atrens, 1999; Song & Atrens, 2000; Song & Atrens, 2003; Winzer et al., 2005), papers on measurement of Mg corrosion (Liu, Qiu, Zhao, Song, & Atrens, 2008; Liu et al., 2009; Shi & Atrens, 2011; Shi, Liu & Atrens, 2010, Shi, Prasad, & Atrens, 2012a; Song, Atrens, & StJohn, 2001), the Mg corrosion mechanism (Atrens & Dietzel, 2007; Atrens, 2013; Cao et al., 2013a; Cao, Shi, Song, Liu, & Atrens, 2013b; Liu et al., 2008, Liu, Schmutz, Uggowitzer, Song, & Atrens et al., 2010; Qiao, Shi, Hort, Zainal Abidin, & Atrens, 2012; Shi & Atrens, 2013a; Shi et al., 2012; Shi, Jia, & Atrens, 2012b; Shi, Cao, Song, & Liu, 2013b; Song, Atrens, St. John, Nairn, & Lang, 1997; Song, Atrens, StJohn, Wu, Nairn, 1997; Song, Atrens, Wu, & Zhang, 1998; Song, Atrens, & Dargusch, 1999; Zhao, Liu, Song, & Atrens et al., 2008a; Zhao, Liu, Song, & Atrens, 2008b), galvanic corrosion (Atrens et al., 2011; Jia et al., 2004; Jia, Atrens, Song, & Muster 2005; Jia, Song, & Atrens, 2005; Jia, Song, & Atrens 2006; Jia, Song, & Atrens, 2007; Shi et al., 2012c, Winzer et al., 2005), stress corrosion cracking (SCC) (Atrens et al., 2011; Atrens et al., 2011; Bobby Kannan, Dietzel, Blawert, Atrens, & Lyon, 2008; Shi et al., 2012b; Song, Blawert, Dietzel, & Atrens., 2005; Winzer, Atrens, Dietzel, Song, & Kainer, 2007a,b,c; Winzer, Atrens, Dietzel, Song, & Kainer, 2008a,b,c; Winzer, et al., 2008), surface films (Liu et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2010; Seyeux et al., 2009), and flammability (Liu et al., 2012; Prasad, Shi, & Atrens, 2012a,b). There is also much recent literature (Alvarez-Lopez et al., 2010; Bakhsheshi-Rad, Abdul-Kadir, Idris, & Farahany et al., 2012; Čapek & Vojtěch, 2013; Choudhary & Singh Raman, 2013; Han et al., 2012; Kalb et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2010; Minárik et al., in press; Pu et al., 2012; Sun, Li, & Fang et al., 2011; Yang et al., 2012; Zhou, Shen, & Aung et al., 2010) on these topics, and there are also much valuable data in the ASM Handbook (Shaw & Wolfe, 2005).

This chapter focuses on recent developments, under the following subheadings: (1) corrosion of Mg alloys, (2) ultra-pure Mg, (3) measurement of Mg corrosion, (4) in vitro and in vivo comparison, (5) Mg corrosion mechanism, and (6) galvanic corrosion. The important points are summarised in the final section.

1.2. Corrosion of magnesium alloys

Mg is the most active of the engineering materials. Mg has a high driving force for corrosion, weakly checked by the poorly protective corrosion product films that typically form on the surface of Mg in most corrosion situations (Song & Atrens, 1999, 2000, 2003).

Mg alloys corrode faster than high-purity (HP) Mg because of the microgalvanic acceleration caused by second phases. In this context, HP Mg is defined as Mg with an impurity level lower than the tolerance limit (Liu et al., 2009). Thus, purification may produce an alloy with a corrosion rate lower than that of an impure alloy. Nevertheless, the HP Mg alloy has a corrosion rate greater than that of HP...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Related titles
• Copyright
• List of contributors
• Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials
• Part One. Fundamentals of surface-modified magnesium and magnesium alloys for biomedical applications
• Part Two. Biological and mechanical properties of surface modified magnesium and magnesium alloys
• Part Three. Testing and characterization of surface-modified magnesium and magnesium alloys for biomedical applications
• Index