Agro-Industrial Wastes as Feedstock for Enzyme Production

Apply and Exploit the Emerging and Valuable Use Options of Waste Biomass

Gurpreet S. Dhillon, Surinder Kaur

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2016
• Print ISBN: 9780128023921
• eBook ISBN: 9780128026120
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Environmental Management
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Agro-industrial Wastes as Feedstock for Enzyme Production: Apply and Exploit the Emerging and Valuable Use Options of Waste Biomass explores the current state-of-the-art bioprocesses in enzyme production using agro-industrial wastes with respect to their generation, current methods of disposal, the problems faced in terms of waste and regulation, and potential value-added protocols for these wastes. It surveys areas ripe for further inquiry as well as future trends in the field. Under each section, the individual chapters present up-to-date and in-depth information on bioprospecting of agro-industrial wastes to obtain enzymes of economic importance.This book covers research gaps, including valorization of fruit and vegetable by-product—a key contribution toward sustainability that makes the utmost use of agricultural produce while employing low-energy and cost-efficient bioprocesses. Written by experts in the field of enzyme technology, the book provides valuable information for academic researchers, graduate students, and industry scientists working in industrial-food microbiology, biotechnology, bioprocess technology, post-harvest technology, agriculture, waste management, and the food industry.- Addresses key opportunities and challenges in the emerging field of enzyme technology, with an emphasis on energy and bio-based industrial applications- Explores the current state of the art bioprocesses in enzyme production using fruit and vegetable wastes with respect to their generation, current methods of disposal, and problems faced in terms of waste and regulation- Presents in-depth information on bioprospecting of fruit and vegetable to obtain enzymes of economic importance- Delves into environmental concerns and economic considerations related to fruit and vegetable processing by-products

Chapter 1

Microbial Enzyme Factories

Current Trends in Production Processes and Commercial Aspects

L.P. de Souza Vandenberghe, J.C. de Carvalho, N. Libardi, C. Rodrigues, and C.R. Soccol Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil

Abstract

Microorganisms are the main sources of the most demanded commercial enzymes. They are produced in large scale with the employment of different strains, which can be parental strains or molecularly modified. The capacity of a strain to synthesize higher concentrations of the protein of interest depends not only on the selected microorganism but on the condition of cultivation and media composition. Currently, agro-industrial by-products are viewed as potential economical feedstocks for microroganism cultivation for enzyme production serving dual purposes: to solve environmental problems and to add value to these substrates. Some aspects of enzyme synthesis are described in this chapter, including the main factors that affect the productivity. Some aspects of the enzyme’s process development, mainly hydrolases, such as cellulases, xylanases, phytases, mannanases, amylases, lipases, and others, from batch to industrial scale are reported. General downstream operations for the separation, recovery, and purification of these enzymes are also presented. Finally, the most important hydrolases produced and commercialized are also listed.

Keywords

Agro-industrial subproducts; Amylases; Cellulases; Lipases; Mannanases; Microbial hydrolases; Phytases; Xylanases

Introduction

Enzymes are special proteins, which catalyze chemical reactions with great specificity and rate enhancements. These reactions are the basis of the metabolism of all living organisms, and provide tremendous and economical biocatalyst conversions. The first half of the past century saw rapid development in enzyme chemistry. The Enzyme Commission, set up by the International Union of Biochemists (1965), has published a system of enzyme classification and more than 4000 enzymes have been recognized. However, 25,000 natural enzymes have now been speculated to exist, which means about 90% of the reservoir of biocatalysts still remains to be discovered and characterized (Menon and Rao, 1999).

When designing a new synthetic process, a suitable catalyst for the reaction must be found, and enzymes are ideal candidates for this role. The industrial use of enzymes has developed rapidly because of their specific functions (Ogawa and Shimizu, 1999). Commercial exploitation of microbial enzymes began much before their natures and properties were worked out. For centuries, extracts of plants have been used to bring about hydrolysis of polymeric materials. However, these sources of enzymes were unreliable and expensive too...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• List of Contributors
• Chapter 1. Microbial Enzyme Factories: Current Trends in Production Processes and Commercial Aspects
• Chapter 2. Fruit and Vegetable Processing Waste: Renewable Feed Stocks for Enzyme Production
• Chapter 3. Bioprocesses for Enzyme Production Using Agro-Industrial Wastes: Technical Challenges and Commercialization Potential
• Chapter 4. Industrial Enzymes: Recovery and Purification Challenges
• Chapter 5. Low-Cost Enzymes and Their Applications in Bioenergy Sector
• Chapter 6. Role of Enzymes in Environment Cleanup/Remediation
• Chapter 7. Enzymes: Applications in Pulp and Paper Industry
• Chapter 8. Enzymes in Food Processing
• Chapter 9. Seafood Enzymes and Their Application in Food Processing
• Chapter 10. Enzymes for Nutritional Enrichment of Agro-Residues as Livestock Feed
• Chapter 11. Potential Applications of Enzymes in Brewery and Winery
• Chapter 12. Recent Applications of Enzymes in Personal Care Products
• Chapter 13. Strategies to Enhance Enzyme Activity for Industrial Processes in Managing Agro-Industrial Waste
• Chapter 14. Biotechnological Production of Enzymes Using Agro-Industrial Wastes: Economic Considerations, Commercialization Potential, and Future Prospects
• Index