Part One
The Letters
Letter 1
From Arendt
68 rue Brancion, Vaugirard 38-07
May 29, 1939
Dear Scholems,
Itās become almost a scandal that Iām just today getting around to replying to your two letters that were such a delight for me.1 Since receiving them, first of all my mother arrived; second came my furniture; and third my library. The fourth, fifth, and sixth things that have happened here is that the good Lord in heaven, in the form of the Central Bureau, has blessed me with a profession; and as everyone knows, every gift from heaven has its shadow side.2 This shadow side, for me, is that Iām not managing to get a bit of work done.
As regards Rahel, Iāve naturally given wide berth to any sort of hagiography.3 I wanted to describe bankruptcy, though admittedly a bankruptcy that was historically necessary, and possibly even redemptive. I would like it if, with all their criticism, readers would glean out of the final two chapters a kind of vindication.4 These days this is especially important because every ignorant upstart thinks he can heap scorn onto assimilated Judaism. The book was written before Hitler. The final two chapters, which I wrote here, hardly change the book at all.
If I had only known the kind of material Schocken has in his collection!5 It was terribly annoying for me to be dependent on my excerpts from so many years ago. If there is any chance at all to get it published, I would be very grateful if you could make the connection for me. Naturally, you can keep the manuscript.6 And, of course, I would be thrilled if you want to stir Schockenās interest in the book.
Iām really worried about Benji.7 I tried to line up something for him here but failed miserably.8 At the same time, Iām more than ever convinced how vital it is to put him on secure footing so he can continue his work. As I see it, his work has changed, down to his style. Everything strikes me as far more emphatic, less hesitant. It often seems to me as if he is only now making progress on the questions most decisive for him. It would be awful if he were to be prevented from continuing.
One can hardly imagine whatās going on back in Germany. For most of us here, it goes without saying that things are really lousy here, in particular as well as in general. How is your work coming along? Whatās Fanja up to? I would be elated if the two of you could find some reason to make another trip to Europe, because I donāt see much chance for me to be a tour leader over there.9
BlĆ¼cher sends his warmest greetings. Please donāt be annoyed at my tardy reply, and donāt be such a stranger. Iād like to hear from you again soon.
Yours,
Hannah
Letter 2
From Arendt
Montauban
October 21, 1940
Dear Scholem,
Walter Benjamin took his own life on September 29 in Portbou on the Spanish frontier. He had an American visa, but on the twenty-third the only people the Spanish allowed to pass the border were those with ānationalā passports.1 I donāt know if this letter will reach you. In the past weeks and months I had seen Walter several times, the last time being on September 20 in Marseilles. The report of his death took nearly four weeks to reach both his sister and us.2
Jews are dying in Europe and are being buried like dogs.
Yours,
Hannah Arendt
Letter 3
From Fanja and Gershom Scholem
July 17, 1941
Jerusalem
Dear Hannah Arendt,
Iām so glad you are finally able to breathe freely again, and I hope to hear from you very soon. In your last letter you wrote about Benjaminās death.
I hardly need to tell you how Gerhard took the news. Do you remember the conversation we had about the relationship between Walter and Gerhard? I recall every word. It breaks my heart to think that I never saw the man.1
It was so lovely in Paris, and the memories of this wonderful city are bound up with memories of you. You were so kind to us. We are still living well here, and we hope for victory. Your friend Jonas, now with an artillery unit, is busy shooting down enemy airplanes. He is so proud of being a soldier, and heās a bit more childish than he was when he was occupied with Gnosticism.2 Gerhard still wants to write to you today, so I will sign off. Take care of yourself and think about us.
Your Fanja Scholem
And greetings to Kurt Blumenfeld.3
My dear friend,
Mrs. Zittau tells us youāve arrived safely in New Yorkāat last one piece of good news amid all the gloom.4 Oh, the two of us have so much to talk about, and yet who knows when weāll get the chance! Weāll just have to hack our way through this mountain of darkness, if I can say so. One senses the meaning of apocalyptic prospects in oneās own flesh and blood. Please write soonāit took three weeks for your letter to arrive from last October. It was the first report I received of Walterās death. I wish you had given me a return address: I wasnāt able to reply without one. Please pay a visit to my friend Shalom Spiegel5 at the Jewish Institute of Religion (New York, 309 West 93rd Street). Tell him I sent you. Heās a fantastic fellow, and both BlĆ¼cher and you should become friendly with him.6
Warmest greetings, from your Gerhard Scholem
Forgive me for this awfully bad ink!
Letter 4
From Arendt
317 West 95th Street, New York
October 17, 1941
Dear Scholem,
Miriam Lichtheim gave me your address and relayed your greetings. While I hope that even without her I would have gotten around to writing you, I have to admit she gave me a useful nudge.
Wiesengrund tells me that he had sent to you a detailed report of Benjaminās death.1 Here in New York Iāve heard some not unimportant details for the first time. It may be that Iām not all that qualified to give an account of his death because I had considered such a possibility so far-fetched that for weeks after he died I dismissed the entire business as being no more than immigrantsā gossip. All this despite the fact that especially in the last few years and months we were very close friends and saw one another on a regular basis.
With the outbreak of war we were all together for a summer break in a small French village near Paris. Benji was in excellent shape. He had finished part of his work on Baudelaire and was prepared, justifiably I think, to do some extraordinary things.2 The outbreak of war immediately terrified him beyond all measure. Fearing bombardments from the air, on the first day of the general mobilization he left Paris for Meaux. Meaux was a well-known center for the mobilization, with a militarily very important airport and train station, which made it a hub for the entire deployment of forces. Of course, the result was that from the start one air-raid alarm followed the next; rather aghast, Benjamin at once made his way back to Paris. He came back just in time to get himself duly rounded up. In the temporary camp at Colombes, where my husband3 talked to him at length, he was rather depressed, and for good reason, of course. At once he entered into a kind of asceticism. He stopped smoking, gave away all his chocolate, refused to wash himself or shave, and more or less refused to move a limb. Upon arrival in the final camp he wasnāt feeling all that bad. He had a bevy of young boys around him; they liked him a lot, and were keen to learn from him and swallowed every word he said.4 By the time he returned in the middle or end of November, he was more or less glad to have had the experience. His initial panic was gone entirely. In the months that followed he wrote his historical-philosophical theses, of which I have been told he sent you a copy, too.5 As you have seen, he was on the spoors of a number of new things, though at the same time he was undeniably fearful of the opinion of those at the Institute.6 You surely know that before the war he received word from the Institute that his stipend was no longer secure and that he should look around for something else.7 That caused him a lot of anxiety, even if he wasnāt all that convinced of the seriousness of the Instituteās suggestion. Which didnāt improve things, and if anything it made the matter all the more disagreeable for him. The outbreak of war took care of that anxiety. Still, he wasnāt all that comfortable with the reaction of his most recent, downright unorthodox theories. In January one of his new young friends from the camp, who happened to have been a student of my husbandās, killed himself, mostly for personal reasons.8 This suicide preoccupied Benjamin to an extraordinary extent; and in all the discussions about it, with a truly passionate vehemence, he stood with those who defended the young manās decision. In spring 1940, with heavy hearts, we all made our way to the American consulate. Even though we heard the same thing, that we would have to wait between two and ten years before our quota number came up, the three of us took English lessons.9 None of us took it all that seriously. Benjamin had just one wish: to learn enough of English to say that he absolutely didnāt like the language. And he succeeded. His horror at America was indescribable, and apparently already then he told friends that he preferred a shorter life in France to a longer one in America.
This all came to a quick end. From the middle of April, those of us under the age of 48 who had been released from internment were examined for our suitability for military fatigue duty. Fatigue duty was really just another word for internment with forced labor; and measured against the first round of internment, in most cases it was worse. Everyoneāthat is, everyone but Benjiāhad no doubt he would be declared unfit for service. In those days he was awfully agitated, and on a number of occasions he told me he wouldnāt be able to play along once again. Of course, he was declared unfit. Independent of all of this, in the middle of May the second and far more systematic internment took place. You must know about this. As if a miracle, of the three people spared the internment, Benji was one. Due to administrative chaos, he nevertheless could never know whether, or for how long, the police would accept an order from the Interior Ministry. Would the police simply arrest him? Personally, I had no contact with him at the time because I was interned.10 Friends told me, however, that he didnāt dare venture out on the streets any longer, and he was living in constant panic. He managed to get on the last train leaving Paris. He took only a small suitcase with two shirts and a toothbrush. As you know, he traveled to Lourdes. As soon as I got out of Gurs in the middle of June, by chance I, too, headed to Lourdes, where I stayed for a few weeks at his instigation. This was the time of defeat, and after a few days the trains stopped running. No one knew what had happened to families, husbands, children, and friends. Benji and I played chess from morning to evening, and between games we read newspapers, to the extent we could get our hands on them. Everything was as fine as could beāuntil the ceasefire terms were published, along with the infamous extradition clause.11 But even then I canāt say that Benjamin fell into a full-blown panic, even if we were both feeling anxious. Mind you, when news re...