The Power Grid

Smart, Secure, Green and Reliable

Brian D’Andrade, Brian D'Andrade

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2017
• Print ISBN:
  9780128053218
• eBook ISBN:
  9780081009529
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications
• Index: Technology & Engineering

The Power Grid: Smart, Secure, Green and Reliable offers a diverse look at the traditional engineering and physics aspects of power systems, also examining the issues affecting clean power generation, power distribution, and the new security issues that could potentially affect the availability and reliability of the grid. The book looks at growth in new loads that are consuming over 1% of all the electrical power produced, and how combining those load issues of getting power to the regions experiencing growth in energy demand can be addressed. In addition, it considers the policy issues surrounding transmission line approval by regulators. With truly multidisciplinary content, including failure analysis of various systems, photovoltaic, wind power, quality issues with clean power, high-voltage DC transmission, electromagnetic radiation, electromagnetic interference, privacy concerns, and data security, this reference is relevant to anyone interested in the broad area of power grid stability. - Discusses state–of-the-art trends and issues in power grid reliability - Offers guidance on purchasing or investing in new technologies - Includes a technical document relevant to public policy that can help all stakeholders understand the technical issues facing a green, secure power grid

1

Evolution of the Traditional Power System

Ahmad Shahsiah, Exponent Inc., Menlo Park, CA, United States

Abstract

This chapter starts with the history and outlook of the traditional power systems. It includes an introduction to some of the fundamental concepts of the traditional power systems. Topics introduced in this chapter have been taught by the author for several years in academia for different engineering courses. The selected topics are chosen to best represent fundamental knowledge required to understand operation of the traditional power systems as well as providing foundation for more advanced topics that are presented in later chapters of this book. Other topics in this chapter include the existing grid versus the smart grid, evolution and challenges, emerging standards and regulations, and future trends and drives.

Keywords

Power system evolution; power system fundamentals; phasor representation; three-phase circuits; distribution transformers; per-unit calculations; symmetrical components; reactive power compensation

Chapter Outline

1.1 Introduction 1

1.1.1 Background 1

1.1.2 History and Outlook 3

1.1.3 Future Trends and Drives 3

1.1.4 Outline of the Chapters 4

1.2 Electric Power System Fundamentals 5

1.2.1 Background 5

1.2.2 Characteristics and Fundamentals 6

1.2.3 Steady State Operations 13

1.2.4 Transients and Abnormal Conditions 26

1.2.5 Reactive Power Compensation 32

1.3 Evolution and Outlook 34

1.3.1 Existing Grid Versus Smart Grid 34

1.3.2 Evolution and Challenges 35

1.3.3 Emerging Standards and Regulations 35

References 36

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 Background

The power system in traditional form consists of three major components: generation, transmission, and distribution. Subtransmission levels can also be considered as a separate component in traditional power systems. In this system, the electricity is generated in masses, brought to the main distribution hubs, and then distributed to the end-users, much like any other commodity. However, unlike other commodities, the electricity should be consumed instantaneously at the same time that it is being generated. In other words, the power generation and the demand must match at any moment. Automatic closed-loop control systems at the generating units ensure matching load and generation. That is, of course, in case of availability of enough spinning reserve to quickly match the peak demand with the generation. Load forecasting, using historical data, provides information for the system operators to ensure availability of enough base generation and spinning reserves in order to supply loads while maintaining the system’s freq...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• List of Contributors
• Preface
• 1. Evolution of the Traditional Power System
• 2. Transmission Grid Smart Technologies
• 3. Advances in Power Converters
• 4. Smart Grid Energy Storage
• 5. Electromagnetic Interference Considerations for Electrical Power Systems
• 6. HVDC Transmission for Renewable Energy Integration
• 7. Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Smart Grids
• 8. Cybersecurity for the Smart Grid
• 9. Big Data and Monitoring the Grid
• 10. Prognostics for the Power Industry
• Index