SOURCES OF INFORMATION: Most reports of drug–drug- or drug–food interaction arise primarily from experience in the clinic. Some of these are anecdotal and may not be reported again, whilst others represent the first warning signs of a wider cohort of cases that is yet to be realised. Their purpose is to report the interaction and explain its hazard so that others can avoid it occurring; however, few of these reports are able to indicate the precise mechanism of the interaction.
Generally, animal experiments have not contributed much of substance to knowledge about interactions. Admittedly, the early work of Conney and his associates (1956, 1957) in rats did much to explore the nature and organization of enzyme systems in liver microsomes, but it was the human studies of Levy (1970) and Neuvonen et al., (1970) that provided the now classical evidence that the salts of divalent or trivalent metals formed non-absorbable complexes with tetracyclines and reduced their absorption, resulting in sub-therapeutic levels in the plasma. It was observation in patients that gave the first indication that concomitant medication could antagonize the efficacy of oral contraceptives (Dossetor, 1975). It was in tuberculosis patients that the apparent interaction between PAS and rifampicin was first recognized and later to be explained that the interaction was not due to PAS but to the bentonite content of its granules (Boman et al., 1971). One of us (PFD’A) was reminded of this latter interaction in recent months when a lady in Belfast who had been a TB patient at that time and had been receiving rifampicin and PAS, mentioned that without warning or explanation her treatment had been changed to rifampicin plus isoniazid.
One of the advantages of the attention that has been focused on adverse drug interactions over the past 20 years or so is that many drug–drug and drug–food interactions are now predictable and many of the unwanted consequences of using drug combinations can be avoided by simply adjusting the dosage of one or more of the interactants. As a result of this, there has been a considerable improvement in the safety and efficacy of therapy with drug combinations.
However, the focus on drug interactions has always been more on their hazards than their advantages. This is the correct orientation since the vast majority of interactions are hazardous. An awareness of the possible hazards of medication and possible interactions between drugs on the part of those who use them, doctors and other health professionals, can only result in better therapy with benefit to the patient in terms of both safety and efficacy. Many excellent publications have explored the nature of drug interactions and their message has filtered down to the patient level being expressed by the maxim ‘do not use two drugs when one will do’.