Modern Aspects of Rare Earths and their Complexes

Vinny R. Sastri, J.R. Perumareddi, V. Ramachandra Rao, G.V.S. Rayudu, J.-C. G. Bünzli

• Publisher: Elsevier Science
• Year: 2003
• ISBN:
  9780080536682
• Topic: Naturwissenschaften
• Subtopic: Physik

In order to use rare earths successfully in various applications, a good understanding of the chemistry of these elements is of paramount importance. Nearly three to four decades have passed since titles such as The Rare Earths edited by F.H. Spedding and A.H. Daane, The chemistry of the Rare Earth Elements by N.E. Topp and Complexes of the Rare Earths by S.P. Sinha were published. There have been many international conferences and symposia on rare earths, as well as the series of volumes entitled Handbook of Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths edited by K.A. Gschneidner and L. Eyring. Thus, there is a need for a new title covering modern aspects of rare earth complexes along with the applications.

The present title consists of twelve chapters. 1. Introduction2. General aspects3. Stability of complexes4. Lanthanide complexes5. Structural chemistry of lanthanide compounds6. Organometallic complexes7. Kinetics and mechanisms of rare earths complexation8. Spectroscopy of lanthanide complexes9. Photoelectron spectroscopy of rare earths10. Lanthanide NMR shift reagents11. Environmental ecological biological aspects12. Applications

The authors studied in schools headed by pioneers in rare earth chemistry, have a combined experience of one hundred and fifty years in inorganic chemistry, rare earth complex chemistry, nuclear and radiochemistry of rare earths and supramolecular chemistry. The present monograph is a product of this rich experience.

chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

CONTENTS

1 Rare earth reserves

2 Rare earth markets

3 Formation of lanthanide ores

4 Rare earth sources

5 Recovery of rare earths from ores

6 Separation of rare earths

7 Ion exchange chromatography

8 Displacement chromatography

9 Liquid–liquid ion-exchange chromatography

10 Solvent extraction

11 Recovery of rare earths from monazite

12 Preparation of rare earth metals

13 Analytical chemistry of rare earths

14 Spectrophotometric method of analysis of rare earth elements

15 Emission spectroscopy

16 Neutron activation analysis

17 X-ray spectroscopy

18 Atomic absorption, flame emission, electrothermal atomization, inductively coupled mass spectrometry

19 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS)

20 High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)

20.1 Separation of rare earths by “dynamic coating” ion-interaction chromatography

References

The name rare earths is a misnomer since these elements are neither rare nor earths. The name rare earths referring to elements with atomic numbers 58 to 71 may have arisen because they were initially isolated as oxides which, in some ways, resemble calcium, magnesium and aluminum oxides known as common earths. A chronological summary of the discovery of the elements is given in Table 1.1.

TABLE 1.1

Chronological order of discovery of rare earths.

Rare earths	Discoverer	Year
Discovery of yttria	Gadolin	1794
Discovery of ceria	Berzelius, Hisinger	1804
Discovery of lanthana	Mosander	1839
Discovery of didymia	Mosander	1841
Discovery of yttria, terbia and erbia	Mosander	1843
Discovery of ytterbia	DeMarignac	1878
Discovery of scandia	Nilson	1879
Discovery of thulia and holmia	Cleve	1879
Discovery of dysprosia	De Boisbaudrau	1886
Discovery of lutetia and ytterbia	Urbain and Von Welsbach	1907
Discovery of samaria	De Boisbaudrau	1879
Discovery of gadolinia	De Boisbaudrau	1886
Isolation of neodymium and praseodymium	Von Welsbach	–
Discovery of europium	Demarcay	1901
Discovery of promethium	Marinsky and Coryell	1948

The descriptive cl...